Inmunoprofilaxia de la poliomielitis / Inmunoprophilaxis of poliomielitis

La poliomielitis es una enfermedad viral, generalizada y aguda, que afecta al sistema nervioso central con severidad variable, y a veces se complica con parálisis. Si ocurre esto último, se trata de una parálisis fláccida, generalmente asimétrica, de diversos músculos estriados que a veces se acompaña de trastornos respiratorios y vasomotores. La poliomielitis solamente afecta al ser humano y al no haberse demostrado que en la naturaleza existen reservorios animales, se trata de una enfermedad que puede ser erradicada si se consigue inmunizar el número adecuado de sujetos como para interrumpir definitivamente la cadena de transmisión. Los subtítulos en que se divide el trabajo son: Historia, Agente, Patogenia, Diagnóstico, Inmunología, Epidemiología, Vacunas disponibles, Vacunas inactivadas, Vacuna atenuada, Reacciones diversas, Otros esquemas de inmunización, y Nuevas vacunas

Intratypic characterization of poliovirus type 1 isolates.

Intratypic serodifferentiation of 607 strains of poliovirus type 1 isolated from diverse epidemiological groups, was carried out using strain-specific antisera and monoclonal antibodies. The isolates were from patients of paralytic poliomyelitis from Marathwada (an epidemic area) and Bombay (endemic area) and from healthy children from Emmaneshwaram (vaccinated area). From Marathwada where mass scale vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was performed to contain the spread of the epidemic, non-vaccine-like and vaccine-like virus strains were isolated. Only non-vaccine-like virus strains were detected among the Bombay isolates. In Emmaneshwaram mass-scale vaccination performed in 1986 had earlier led to the replacement of the wild poliovirus with the vaccine strains. However, even though systematic OPV immunization reached 93 per cent coverage in 1987 and 1988, majority of isolates from Emmaneshwaram were found to be non-vaccine-like. Results showed that routine immunization of children with OPV was not sufficient to displace the wild virus. A small number of antigenic variants were detected. The frequency of such variants was more when mass-scale vaccinations were performed after paralytic poliomyelitis outbreaks. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies epitope mapping of these variants was performed.