Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri / Efeitos de diferentes combinações de N, P e K em diferentes intervalos nas características vegetativas, reprodutivas, produtivas e de qualidade da manga (Mangifera indica. L) cv. Dusehri

The experiment was carried out on mango cv. Dusehri to investigate the effect of N, P and K fertilizers on vegetative, reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality. Eight different fertilizer combinations such as T1 (control), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) and T8 (NPK) were used. Individual or combine fertilizer application of N (1000 g), P (750 g) and K (750 g) were applied during growing season in February and August. All the treatments significantly influenced on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and other physiochemical attributes of mango as compared to control. Least effect was observed with individual fertilizer application while combine fertilizer treatments enhanced most of the investigated parameters. Especially, qualitative traits showed non significant differences between treated and untreated mango trees. However, among the different treatments T8 (NPK) showed significance for fruiting aspects such as maximum size of growth flushes (177.51 mm), total number of panicles/tree (845), total number of flowers/panicle (974), sex ratio (69.18%), fruit retention (13.85%), total number of fruits/tree (379), yield (82 kg/tree), fruit weight (197.5 g), pulp weight (135.5 g) and physiochemical parameters namely TSS (24.53), Vit. C (57.63 mg/100 mL) and total sugar (20.84%). In general, combine application of NPK (T8) were the most effective in enhancing fruiting aspects, yield, physiochemical characteristics as well as improved fruit quality of mango trees.

O experimento foi realizado em manga cv. Dusehri para investigar o efeito dos fertilizantes N, P e K no crescimento vegetativo, reprodutivo, produtividade e de qualidade do fruto. Foram utilizadas oito combinações diferentes de fertilizantes: T1 (controle), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) e T8 (NPK). Cada tratamento de N(1.000 g), P (750 g) e K (750 g) foi aplicado duas vezes durante a estação de crescimento em fevereiro e agosto. Todos os tratamentos influenciaram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo, floração, frutificação, produtividade e outros atributos físico-químicos da manga em relação ao controle. Menos efeito foi observado com a aplicação individual de fertilizante, enquanto os tratamentos combinados aumentaram a maioria dos parâmetros investigados. Especialmente as características qualitativas mostraram diferenças não significativas entre mangueiras tratadas e não tratadas. No entanto, entre os diferentes tratamentos, T8 (NPK) apresentou significância para aspectos de frutificação, como tamanho máximo de folgas de crescimento (177,51 mm), número total de panículas/árvore (845), número total de flores/panícula (974), razão sexual (69,18%), retenção de frutos (13,85%), número total de frutos/árvore (379), produção (82 kg/árvore), peso do fruto (197,5 g) e peso da polpa (135,5 g), além de parâmetros físico-químicos, como TSS (24,53), vitamina C (57,63 mg/100 mL) e açúcar total (20,84%). Em geral, a aplicação combinada de NPK (T8) foi a mais eficaz no aprimoramento dos aspectos de frutificação, produtividade, características físico-químicas, além da melhoria da qualidade dos frutos das mangueiras.

Agronomic and Economic Interactions between Sidedressed Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizations on Atlantic Potato

Abstract Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in potato crop planting synergistically increase tuber yield, but there are no studies on this interaction in sidedressing. In two experiments with 'Atlantic' potato combinations of four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) with four K2O rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1) were applied in sidedressing in a 4×4 factorial scheme with three replications in a completely randomized design. Adjacent commercial fields were sampled to economic comparisons with experimental results. Significant interaction between N and K sidedressing rates with tuber yields increase also was confirmed and classified as Liebig-synergism. Compared to the isolated N and K applications in sidedressing, joint N and K fertilizations, respectively, increases by 11% and 48% marketable tuber yields in the summer-fall experiment, and 12% and 7% in the spring experiment. Joint N and K applications as sidedressing was more profitable than planting fertilization, mainly at higher N and K rates. The response of specific gravity of 'Atlantic' potato tubers to the N and K sidedressing rates was mediated by interactions between edaphoclimatic conditions and inputs of N and K. The combined application of N and K sidedressing rates increased specific gravity in the summer-fall experiment, but had a negative effect in the spring experiment. Therefore, our results provide strong evidence that the fertilization management for potato crop in Brazil can be modified by applying higher amounts of N and K in sidedressing to match nutritional needs of the crop.

Chemical Recovery of Degraded Soil and Consequence in the Cost of Corn Production

Abstract Improper management degrades the soil, decreases corn productivity and is reflected in the cost of production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the soil recovery in non-conservationist treatments after the change of management and cultivation to the conservation condition direct sowing, and compare these systems to consolidated direct seeding; This evaluation was based on the soil responsiveness to crop production and water erosion control, and based on the financial cost of soil recovery and corn production when soil management was converted from non-conservationist (tillage rotation - RT, minimum tillage - MT, conventional tillage - CT and bare soil - BS) to no-tillage (NT) condition, in a Humic Cambisol. The transition from managements to no-tillage occurred in 2015 year, after 27 years of conducting the preexisting managements. The chemical recovery was carried out with the application of limestone, phosphorus, and potassium. At the end of the research the yield of the corn crop, the cost of recovering the soil fertility and the cost of crop production were evaluated. Previous soil management influenced the cost of soil chemical recovery. The cost of production showed a financial loss for the previous treatments CT and BS, on the average of the three corn crops.

Effects of different application amounts of potassium fulvic acid on yield and quality of Fritillaria thunbergii / 中国中药杂志

Fritillaria thunbergii is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has the effects of clearing heat and resolving stagnation, eliminating phlegm and relieving cough. At present, it is mostly produced by cultivation, and the cultivation process requires application of base fertilizer, winter fertilizer, seedling fertilizer and late top dressing. Now farmyard manure or organic fertilizer can be used to replace the base fertilizer and winter fertilizer, but the research on the replacement of organic fertilizer has not been completed for the late top dressing. Potassium fulvate is a kind of fulvate fertilizer, which can not only regulate the growth of crops but also supplement potassium necessary for the growth of crops. In this paper, using F. thunbergii as a model plant with mature cultivation techniques, the effect of potassium fulvate on the quality and yield of rhizome traditional Chinese medicine F. thunbergii was systematically studied for the first time. HPLC-ELSD was used to determine the contents of peimine A and peimine B, hot dip method was used to determine the content of alcohol extract, and the SPAD-502 Plus chlorophyll meter was used to detect SPAD value. The results showed that applying 1.5 to 2.25 kg·hm~(-2) of potassium fulvic acid per hectare could effectively improve the yield of F. thunbergii and there was significantly difference between potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium fulvic acid in terms of quality. After the application of range 1.5 to 2.25 kg·hm~(-2) of potassium fulvic acid per hectare, the content of alcohol soluble extract of F. thunbergii was ranged 21.61% to 22.27%, the total amount of peimine A and peimine B were ranged 0.09% to 0.10%. Applying 1.5 to 2.25 kg·hm~(-2) of potassium fulvic acid per hectare could replace the conventional pure chemical fertilizer potassium phosphate monobasic, which could be used as top dressing fertilizer for the cultivation of F. thunbergii.

Resposta da soja à épocas de aplicação de potássio em cobertura / Soybean response to potassium application in coverage / Respuesta de la soja a las épocas de aplicación de potasio en cobertura

A cultura da soja teve uma grande expansão nos últimos anos, impulsionando novas fronteiras agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da época de aplicação de K na produtividade da soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, envolvendo seis manejos (tratamentos) com época de aplicação (T1 - Superfície/a lanço 15 dias após o plantio, T2 - Superfície/a lanço no plantio, T3 - Superfície/a lanço 30 dias após o plantio, T4 - Superfície/a lanço 50% da dose 15 dias após o plantio + 50% da dose 30 dias após o plantio, T5 - Superfície/a lanço 50 % da dose no plantio + 25% da dose 15 dias após o plantio + 25% da dose 30 dias após o plantio, T6 - Testemunha sem adubação superfície). Foi avaliada a população de plantas, bem como altura, inserção da primeira vagem, número total de vagens por planta, peso de mil grãos (PMG) e a produtividade média de cada tratamento. Os dados obtidos demonstram que não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos nas características agronômicas avaliadas, como produtividade e PMG. Porém, na média final dos experimentos, destacou-se o tratamento T4: Superfície a lanço 50% da dose 15 dias após o plantio + 50% da dose 30 dias após o plantio, diferindo 575 kg ha­1 do menor valor obtido, sendo este um indicativo para a tomada de decisão no tipo de manejo referente à adubação potássica em cobertura pelo produtor rural. Com adubação potássica aumentou o número de plantas e o parcelamento da aplicação de potássio induziu o aumento do número de vagens por plantas. Conclui-se que a aplicação total da dose potássica 30 dias após o plantio, obteve o maior valor em termo de inserção da primeira vagem e altura de planta.(AU)

The soybean crop has drastically expanded in recent years, opening new agricultural frontiers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application time of Potassium (K) on soybean yield. The experiment was developed using a randomized block design, with four repetitions: T1- Surface/topdressing 15 days after planting, T2 - Surface/topdressing at planting, T3 ­ Surface/topdressing 30 days after planting, T4 - Surface/topdressing 50% dose 15 days after planting + 50% dose 30 days after planting, T5 - Surface/topdressing 50% dose at planning + 25% dose 15 days after planting + 25% dose 30 days after planting, T6 - control without surface fertilization). The population of plants, their height, insertion of the first pod, total number of pods per plant, weight of a thousand grains (WTG) and average yield of each treatment were assessed. The data obtained show that no statistical differences were found among the treatments in the agronomic characteristics assessed, such as productivity and WTG. However, in the final means of the experiments, treatment T4 was highlighted: surface topdressing 50% of the dose 15 days after planting + 50% dose 30 days after planting resulted in a difference of 575 kg ha­1 when compared to the lowest value obtained, being an indicative for a decision on the type of handling regarding topdressing potassium fertilization by the producer. Potassium fertilization increased the number of plants, and the splitting of the potassium application induced an increase in the number of pods per plant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the full application of the potassium dose 30 days after the planting obtained the highest value in term of insertion of the first pod and height of plant.(AU)

La cultura de la soja ha tenido una gran expansión en los últimos años, impulsando nuevas fronteras agrícolas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar el efecto de la época de aplicación de K en la productividad de la soja. El delineamiento experimental fue en bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, involucrando seis manejos (tratamientos) con época de aplicación. (T1 - Superficie/a lance 15 días después de la siembra, T2 - Superficie/a lance en el plantío, T3 - Superficie/a lance 30 días después de la siembra, T4 - Superficie/a lanza 50% de la dosis 15 días después de la plantación + 50% de la dosis 30 días después de la siembra, T5 - Superficie/a lanza 50% de la dosis en la siembra + 25% de la dosis 15 días después de la siembra + 25% de la dosis 30 días después de la siembra, T6 - Testigo sin fertilización superficie). Se ha evaluado la población de plantas, así como altura, inserción de la primera vaina, número total de vainas por planta, peso de mil granos (PMG) y la productividad media de cada tratamiento. Los datos obtenidos demuestran que no hubo diferencia estadística entre los tratamientos en las características agronómicas evaluadas, como productividad y PMG. Sin embargo, en la media final de los experimentos, se destacó el tratamiento T4: Superficie a lance 50% de la dosis 15 días después de la plantación + 50% de la dosis 30 días después de la siembra, difiriendo 575 kg ha-1 del menor valor obtenido. Siendo éste un indicativo para la toma de decisión en el tipo de manejo referente a la fertilización potásica en cobertura por el productor rural. Con fertilización potásica aumentó el número de plantas y el fraccionamiento de la aplicación de potasio indujo el aumento del número de vainas por plantas. Se concluye que la aplicación total de la dosis potásica 30 días después de la siembra, obtuvo mayor valor en término de inserción de la primera vaina y altura de la planta.(AU)

Síndrome de Andersen-Tawil / Andersen-Tawil Syndrome

A síndrome de Andersen-Tawil é uma condição rara composta por arritmias ventriculares, paralisia periódica e dimorfismo. É uma doença de canal iônico cardíaco, possui herança de forma autossômica dominante e é classificada como tipo 7 da síndrome do QT longo congênito. A síndrome de Andersen-Tawil é a única canalopatia que une a excitabilidade dos músculos cardíaco e esquelético. Os pacientes podem ser assintomáticos ou minimamente sintomáticos, apesar da elevada carga de arritmia com ectopia ventricular frequente e taquicardia ventricular bidirecional. No entanto, continuam a ser pacientes com risco de arritmias potencialmente fatais, incluindo torsades de pointes e fibrilação ventricular, embora com menor frequência que as observadas em outras síndromes de arritmia genética. Nesta revisão a doença foi abordada sob o ponto de vista dos diagnósticos clínico e molecular, com ênfase nas manifestações cardíacas...

Andersen-Tawil syndrome is a rare condition consisting of ventricular arrhythmias, periodic paralysis, and dysmorphic features. It is a cardiac ion channel disease, with autosomal dominant inheritance and is classifiedas type 7 of the congenital long QT syndromes. Andersen-Tawil syndrome is a unique channelopathy which linkscardiac and skeletal muscle excitability. Patients may be asymptomatic, or minimally symptomatic despite a higharrhythmia burden with frequent ventricular ectopy and bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. However, patients remain at risk for life-threatening arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation, although less frequently than observed in other genetic arrhythmia syndromes. In this review we address the disease from the point of view of clinical and molecular diagnosis with emphasis on cardiac manifestations...

Efeito do exercício físico e suplementação de potássio sobre a pressão arterial, metabolismo glicídico e albuminúria de ratos hipertensos / Effects of physical training and potassium supplementation on blood pressure, glucose metabolism and albuminuria of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Introdução: Ainda é controverso se ocorre sinergismo entre as diferentes medidas não farmacológicas utilizadas no tratamento da hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do exercício físico aeróbico, da sobrecarga oral de potássio e da sua associação sobre a pressão arterial, metabolismo glicídico, excreção urinária de albumina e morfologia glomerular de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Métodos: SHRs foram divididos em: Grupo Controle (SHR; dieta padrão e sedentário, n = 10); Grupo Exercício (SHR + E; treinado em esteira rolante, dieta padrão, n = 10), Grupo Potássio (SHR + K; sedentário, dieta rica em potássio, n = 10) e Grupo Exercício + Potássio (SHR + E + K; exercitado, dieta rica em potássio, n = 10). Semanalmente, foi aferido o peso corporal (PC) e a pressão arterial de cauda (PAC). Ao final de 16 semanas, foi realizado o Teste de Tolerância oral a Glicose. A albuminúria foi determinada nos períodos basal, na 8ª e 16ª semana. Após o sacrifício, foi realizada a análise do índice de esclerose glomerular e a pesagem da gordura visceral. Resultados: A PAC e o PC não variaram significativamente. Houve melhora da sensibilidade à insulina no Grupo Exercício e Grupo Potássio, mas não no Grupo Exercício + Potássio. Na 16ª semana, a albuminúria de todos os grupos foi significativamente menor que o grupo SHR Controle. O índice de esclerose glomerular e o peso da gordura visceral também foram significativamente menores em todos os grupos tratados quando comparados ao controle. Conclusão: A dieta rica em potássio e o exercício físico determinaram melhora no metabolismo glicídico, na albuminúria e na morfologia glomerular, porém, a sobreposição ...

Introduction: It is still controversial whether there are synergistic effects among different non-pharmacological interventions used in the treatment of hypertension. Objetives: To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise, oral supplementation of potassium and their combination on blood pressure, glucose metabolism, urinary albumin excretion and glomerular morphology in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: SHR were divided into groups: Control Group (SHR; standard diet and sedentary, n = 10), Exercise Group (SHR + E; trained on a treadmill, standard diet, n = 10), Potassium Group (SHR + K; sedentary, potassium supplementation, n = 10) and Group Exercise + Potassium (SHR + E + K, exercise, potassium supplementation n = 10). Weekly, body weight (BW) and tail blood pressure (TAP) were measured. At the end of 16 weeks, a Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was performed. Albuminuria was determined in the baseline period, at 8th and at 16th week. After sacrifice, the analysis of glomerular sclerosis index and visceral fat weight was performed. Results: The TAP and BW did not change significantly. There was improvement in insulin sensitivity in SHR + E and SHR + K, but not in SHR + E + K. At week 16, albuminuria in all groups was significantly lower than the SHR control. The glomerular sclerosis index and visceral fat content were also significantly lower in all groups compared to control. Conclusion: An oral supplementation of potassium and exercise led to an improvement in glucose metabolism, in albuminuria and glomerular morphology, however, the overlap of the treatments did not show synergism. .

Equilibrio sodio-potasio en la regulación de la hipertensión arterial / Sodium-potassium balance in the regulation of high blood pressure

La hipertensión arterial esencial es considerada como la principal causa de muerte por la OMS. La cuarta parte de la población mayor de 15 años es hipertensa, lo que representa aproximadamente un billón de personas, que tendrán un importante aumento en el año 2025 cercano al 60 por ciento. Su prevalencia aumenta en proporción lineal con el aumento de edad. Desafortunadamente, los niveles de detección, tratamiento y control efectivo de la hipertensión arterial, son deficientes a nivel de Chile y mundial, por lo que es aún un problema de salud pública no resuelto y que por tanto necesita urgente atención. La reciente Encuesta Nacional Ministerial de Salud 2009-2010 de Chile reveló una prevalencia de hipertensión arterial nacional de un 26,9 por ciento, con un 65 por ciento de conocimiento de su existencia, 37,6 por ciento en tratamiento y sólo un 16,49 por ciento de control satisfactorio. Además, dicha encuesta revela marcadores de estilos de vida poco saludables, que permiten comprender la epidemia nacional de hipertensión arterial, a través de la existencia de múltiples factores de riesgo para ella. En esta revisión nos centramos especialmente en la importancia de la relación sodio-potasio en la regulación de la presión arterial. Llama la atención que todos los estudios destacan la importancia que tiene el sodio en la génesis de la hipertensión arterial por sus efectos presores, particularmente en sujetos sensibles, y poco o nada se manifieste de las variadas acciones benéficas que posee el potasio en la regulación de la presión arterial.

The World Health Organization considers essential hypertension as a primary cause of death. Twenty-five percent of the population over 15 has high blood pressure (HBP), equivalent to a billion people. It has been predicted that this group will increase by 60 percent, lineal with age increase in the overall population. Unfortunately, detection, treatment and effective control of HBP, are deficient both in Chile and in the rest of the world, making it an unresolved health problem demanding urgent attention. The recently conducted Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010) revealed a 26.9 percent prevalence of this condition in the population, sixty-five percent of individuals are aware of their condition, 37.6 percent are in treatment and only 16,49 percent are effectively controlled. Furthermore, the survey reveals unhealthy life-style markers, which explains the epidemic that besets the country as there are multiple risk factors at stake. This review focuses mainly on the importance of the sodium-potassium relationship in the regulation of high blood pressure. It must be pointed out that all of the studies underscore the importance of sodium in the genesis of hypertension because of its effects of blood pressure, especially in sensitive individuals, while little attention has been given to the manifold beneficial actions of potassium in the regulation of blood pressure.

Potássio em videiras: I-uma revisão bibliográfica / Potassium in vitis: I-a literature review

O potássio é um nutriente importante para o crescimento e a produção de videiras. Este mineral tem influência no conteúdo ácido em uvas e vinhos, um importante parâmetro tecnológico em enologia. Assim sendo, a quantidade de potássio absorvida pelas uvas será de extrema importância para a elaboração de vinhos de qualidade. Muitos são os fatores que influenciam a absorção de potássio pelas videiras, sendo esta a razão para os resultados contraditórios encontrados em vários experimentos de fertilização potássica em videiras. Este trabalho reúne os principais artigos já publicados sobre a adubação potássica em videiras e sobre o metabolismo deste mineral durante o ciclo produtivo de videiras, com a finalidade de servir como base para futuros trabalhos com potássio em videiras e uvas.

Glicose insulina e potássio (GIK) na revascularização do miocárdio de pacientes diabéticos: ensaio clínico randomizado / Clinical and hemodynamic outcome following coronary artery bypass surgery in diabetic patients using glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution: a randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado a fim de determinar se a utilização de glicose insulina e potássio (GIK) melhora o índice cardíaco (IC), reduz o uso de inotrópicos e a morbidade de diabéticos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM)...

Utilidad y efecto de potasio en el desarrollo y recuperacion integral del niño desnutrido grave (departamento de Pediatria-Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi - 2004) / sss

La valoracion del estado nutricional es uno de los mejores indicadores de salud, especialmente en los niños en los que el crecimiento y desarrollo estan condiciondos por la nutricion. El uso del potasio coadyuvara en recuperacion nutricional y psicomotora. A todo niño con diagnostico de Desnutrido III grado se realizo determinacion de potasio, si ademas presentaban infeccion, se trato de patologia luego la rehabilitacion nutricional y potasio, pero a un grupo no se administro potasio. Tambien se sometio a programa de estimulacion del desarrollo psicomotor evaluado con formulario de Denver. Los resultados fueron estadisticamente significativos en la recuperacion nutricional y psicomotora con la administracion de potasio en el tratamiento...

Changes in erythrocyte contents of potassium, sodium and magnesium and Na, K-pump activity after the administration of potassium and magnesium salts.

Low potassium and magnesium status and decreased Na, K-pump activity is an endemic condition among rural Northeast Thais. The authors examined the effect of supplementing potassium and magnesium on erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium content and on Na, K-pump activity. Rural Northeast Thai renal stone patients (62) were recruited, divided into four groups and supplemented for one month with potassium chloride (Group1, n = 16), potassium-sodium citrate (Group2, n = 15), chelated magnesium (Group 3, n =16) and potassium-magnesium citrate (Group 4, n =15) in order to achieve 40 mmol potassium, 10 mmol magnesium and 60 mmol citrate daily. After supplementation with potassium (Groups 1, 2 and 4), plasma potassium and Na, K-pump activity rose significantly in Groups 1, 2 and 4, but erythrocyte potassium rose only in Groups 2 and 4. When supplementing elemental magnesium (Groups 3 and 4), the chelated magnesium caused a significant increase in plasma potassium, erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium without a significant increase in Na, K-pump activity. By contrast, potassium-magnesium citrate caused a significant increase in erythrocyte potassium and magnesium and Na, K-pump activity, but depressed erythrocyte sodium. These results suggest the forms of potassium and /or magnesium salts being supplemented should be considered because they affect erythrocyte potassium, sodium and magnesium content and Na, K-pump activity differently.

A high-fructose diet induces insulin resistance but not blood pressure changes in normotensive rats

Rats fed a high-fructose diet represent an animal model for insulin resistance and hypertension. We recently showed that a high-fructose diet containing vegetable oil but a normal sodium/potassium ratio induced mild insulin resistance with decreased insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in the liver and muscle of normal rats. In the present study, we examined the mean blood pressure, serum lipid levels and insulin sensitivity by estimating in vivo insulin activity using the 15-min intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT, 0.5 ml of 6 æg insulin, iv) followed by calculation of the rate constant for plasma glucose disappearance (Kitt) in male Wistar-Hannover rats (110-130 g) randomly divided into four diet groups: control, 1:3 sodium/potassium ratio (R Na:K) diet (C 1:3 R Na:K); control, 1:1 sodium/potassium ratio diet (CNa 1:1 R Na:K); high-fructose, 1:3 sodium/potassium ratio diet (F 1:3 R Na:K), and high-fructose, 1:1 sodium/potassium ratio diet (FNa 1:1 R Na:K) for 28 days. The change in R Na:K for the control and high-fructose diets had no effect on insulin sensitivity measured by ITT. In contrast, the 1:1 R Na:K increased blood pressure in rats receiving the control and high-fructose diets from 117 + or - 3 and 118 + or - 3 mmHg to 141 + or - 4 and 132 + or - 4 mmHg (P<0.05), respectively. Triacylglycerol levels were higher in both groups treated with a high-fructose diet when compared to controls (C 1:3 R Na:K: 1.2 + or - 0.1 mmol/l vs F 1:3 R Na:K: 2.3 + or - 0.4 mmol/l and CNa 1:1 R Na:K: 1.2 + or - 0.2 mmol/l vs FNa 1:1 R Na:K: 2.6 + or - 0.4 mmol/l, P<0.05). These data suggest that fructose alone does not induce hyperinsulinemia or hypertension in rats fed a normal R Na:K diet, whereas an elevation of sodium in the diet may contribute to the elevated blood pressure in this animal model

Macronutrientes, fibra, ácidos grasos y minerales en almuerzos servidos en un comedor universitario / Macronutrients, fiber, fatty acids and minerals in meals served in a university dining room

We studied the nutritional quality of six lunch menus offered in a university's dining room located in Caracas City. Each of these menus included soup, main dish, salad, bread and dessert. The results showed that each lunch offered 15 to 20 different kinds of foods. Comparing the results of the chemical analysis of the edible part of these lunch menus with the requirements of the students users of the university dining room, indicated that on the average, they offered 37 and 57 of the energy and protein requirements, 30 to 50 of the iron requirements and a substantial amount of dietary fiber. Their fat concentration, according to the dietary habits of the venezuelan population, was low and ranged from 15 to 25 of the total calories. The analysis of the fatty acids present in two of the six studied menus, showed that the proportion of saturated: monoinsaturated: polyinsaturated was approximately 2:1:1. Despite the predominance of the saturated, the proportion of the total calories present in these lunch menus, provided by these fatty acids, was on the average less than 10. In addition, these meals offered more sodium than potassium and the calculated amount of sodium chloride they provided, was close to the total amount recommended to be consumed in a day. In general, the results of this study, showed that the lunch offered by this university dining room can fulfill an important proportion of the students' nutritional requirements, providing at the same time a meal adjusted to modern nutritional guidelines for good health. The results also emphasize the advantages of the traditional Venezuelan food, since the Venezuelan national plate, had the least amount of fat and salt of all the menus here analyzed.

Potassium needed for maintaining its balance in healthy male subjects residing in an area of low potassium intake and with a high environmental temperature.

Low potassium (K) intake and high prevalence of hypokalemia and hypokaliuria among rural dewellers in the northeast region of Thailand have been repeatedly reported and they were speculated to be in a state of low K status. In this communication we studied K balance of 10 rural (R) and 5 urban (U) male subjects in this region during a 10-day period of semi-free-living and eating group-selected diets. While K in intake, 24-h urine and feces were measured daily in all subjects, the direct measurement of K lost in sweat was made only in one subject coded R3. These parameters were then used to calculate the K balance. The results showed that mean K intakes were 1731 +/- 138 and 1839 +/- 145 mg/day for R and U subjects, respectively. Their mean K balances, calculated by subtracting the K excretions in 24-h urine (721 +/- 129 mg/day for R and 919 +/- 186 mg/day for U) and in feces (148 +/- 25 mg/day for R and 164 +/- 21 mg/day for U) from intakes, were +860 +/- 140 and +756 +/- 222 mg/day for R and U, respectively. In the subject R3, his mean K balances without and with subtracting the sweat K excretion (451 +/- 57 mg/day), were +847 +/- 373 and +396 +/- 344 mg/day, respectively. Regression of K balance versus intake indicated that R and U subjects needed K of 832 and 884 mg/day to stay in balance. Since the study was performed during the hot season (average temperature = 35.2 +/- 2.0 degrees C at 3 pm) and sweating was clearly observed (estimated sweat volume per day was 1927 +/- 420 ml for R and 1759 +/- 408 ml for U), therefore, K balance calculated without sweat K was overestimated. This was apparently seen in the subject R3 where he actually needed K of 1203 mg/day, instead of 814 mg/day calculated without sweat K, to stay in balance. The similarities in K balance data among the two groups suggested they both had the same food habit and K status. Our results indicate that any calculation for the levels of dietary K, or probably also for other minerals, to achieve the balance could be underestimated if loss via sweat is not taken into consideration.