Governança, sustentabilidade e equidade no plano de saúde de São José dos Pinhais, Brasil / Governance, sustainability, and equity in the health program for the municipality of São José dos Pinhais, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o Relatório Final da VIII Conferência de Saúde e o Plano Municipal de Saúde de São José dos Pinhais 2010-2013 e verificar se esses documentos contemplaram os temas sustentabilidade, governança e equidade e as interfaces entre esses temas - políticas de governo e estado, balanço de poder e processo inclusivo e resultados impactantes -, que compõem um Modelo Conceitual para Desenvolvimento Humano e Promoção da Saúde proposto pelos autores. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo de caso, foram analisadas as 331 propostas aprovadas para incorporação no Plano Municipal de Saúde. Foram analisadas as seis categorias temáticas do Modelo Conceitual para Desenvolvimento Humano e Promoção da Saúde pelo programa ATLAS Ti 5.0. As propostas foram classificadas pelo número de temas e interfaces do Modelo Conceitual: propostas plenas de promoção de saúde continham as seis categorias de conceitos e interfaces; propostas de promoção parcial continham três categorias; e propostas incipientes continham uma categoria. RESULTADOS: Das 331 propostas aprovadas, 162 (49%) contemplaram as seis categorias temáticas, sendo classificadas como propostas plenas de promoção da saúde. Noventa e cinco (29%) contemplaram três categorias, sendo classificadas como de parcial promoção da saúde. Dessas, 38 (12%) contemplaram as categorias governança, sustentabilidade e políticas de governo/estado, 33 (10%) contemplaram governança, balanço de poder e equidade e 24 (7%) contemplaram equidade, processo inclusivo/resultados impactantes e sustentabilidade. Finalmente, 74 (22%) propostas contemplaram uma categoria, sendo classificadas como proposta de incipiente promoção da saúde: 36 (11%) contemplaram governança, 27 (8%) contemplaram sustentabilidade e 11 (3%) contemplaram equidade. CONCLUSÕES: Tendo em vista que 49% das propostas foram classificadas como de promoção plena da saúde, o controle social, a partir da participação popular na construção do plano de saúde, contribuiu para a promoção da saúde no município.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Final Report of the VIII Health Conference and the São José dos Pinhais City Health Program for 2010-2013 and investigate whether these documents addressed the themes of sustainability, governance, and equity and the interfaces between these themes-government policies, power balance, and inclusive processes/impacting results-that make up the Concept Model for Human Development and Health Promotion developed by the authors. METHOD: This case study analyzed 331 proposals approved for incorporation in the City Health Program. The six thematical categories of the Concept Model were analyzed using ATLAS Ti 5.0 software. The proposals were classified according to the number of themes and interfaces of the Concept Model: full health proposals contained all six categories; partial proposals contained three categories; and incipient proposals contained one category. RESULTS: Of 331 proposals approved, 162 (49%) contemplated the six thematical categories and were classified as full health promotion proposals. Ninety-five (29%) contemplated three categories (partial health promotion). Of these, 38 (12%) addressed Governance, Sustainability, and Government Policies, 33 (10%) addressed Governance, Power Balance, and Equity and 24 (7%) addressed Equity, Inclusive Processes/Impact Results, and Sustainability. Finally, 74 (22%) proposals contemplated only one category and were classified as incipient: 36 (11%) addressed Governance, 27 (8%) addressed sustainability, and 11 (3%) addressed equity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the fact that 49% of the proposals approved were classified as full health promotion, it is considered that the effectiveness of social control and popular participation in the construction of health policies at the local level contritute to the promotion of health in the city.

Lesiones subepicárdicas en Chile (infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST): experiencia con telemedicina / Telephonic transmission of electrocardiograms for early diagnosis of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Chile

Antecedentes: La transmisión telefónica del electrocardiograma (ECG) a un centro do análisis ha permitido el diagnostico precoz del infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM), incluso en lugares remotos de nuestro país. La ley AUGE exige el tratamiento inmediato del IAM con trombolisis y/o e/ traslado del paciente a un centro de referencia para su ulterior tratamiento. Objetivo: Tabular las características demográficas, distribución geográfica de la población estudiada, fecha y hora de presentación del IAM. Métodos: De un total de 523.371 ECG se analizaron 3.656 trazados con lesiones subepicárdicas definidas por desnivel superior de ST de a lo menos de 1 mm en dos o más derivaciones consecutivas (IAM con SDST). Los ECG fueron adquiridos con sistemas Aerotel 0 Cardiette y analizados por dos cardiólogos. Resultados: Se confirmo la mayor incidencia de IAM en hombres (69.2 por ciento vs 30.8 por ciento) y la presentación del IAM a una edad mayor en mujeres. Se registró un mayor numero de IAM entre los meses de Abril y Julio, y entre las 09 y 13 horas. Los tiempos de respuesta del sistema desde el momento de la recepción del ECG hasta el envío del informe no supero los 10 min, a cualquier hora del día a la noche, tanto en días hábiles como no hábiles. Conclusión: Se consignaron antecedentes epidemiológicos del IAM en el país, a la vez que se comprobó que el sistema permite un diagnostico precoz del IAM, lo cual puede tener un impacto positivo en el tratamiento de esta patología.

Background: Telephonic transmission of an electrocardiogram (ECG) from rural areas to a center with cardiologist in place to analyze the records has been recently incorporated in Chile, allowing earlier diagnosis of an Acute Myocardial Infarction, even in remote places. Such early diagnosis should prompt faster thrombolysis or primary angioplasty. Aim: To descnbe demographics of the population in which diagnostic ECG were taken, plus date and time of the day when the diagnosis of AMI was made. Method: Out of 523.371 ECG, we identified 3.656 records with epicardial lesions, defined as ST elevation of at least 1 mm in 2 concordant leads (STEAM!). The records were obtained with systems Aerotel or Cardiette, and were analyzed by 2 cardiologists. Results: We found higher incidence of STEAMI in man (69.2 percent vs 30.8 percent). Older age was more frequently seen in women with STEAMI. A higher incidence of STEAMI was found between April and June, being more frequently observed between 9 AM and 13 PM. The delay between the reception of the ECG and its interpretation was no longer than 10 mm, regardless the time of the day. and including holidaysConclusion: We confirmed some epidemiological data regarding STEAM! in Chile. This technology allows the early diagnosis of the STEAM! fiom remotes areas of our country.

Proposta para capacitação de agentes comunitários de saúde em saúde auditiv / Training proposal for community health agents in hearing health

TEMA: capacitação de agentes comunitários de saúde na área de saúde auditiva. OBJETIVO: verificar a efetividade de um programa de capacitação de agentes comunitários de saúde do Programa de Saúde da Família, na área de saúde auditiva infantil. MÉTODO: a casuística constou de dois grupos: grupo A foi constituído por 31 agentes comunitários de saúde da cidade de Bauru e, grupo B, formado por 75 agentes comunitários de saúde de Sorocaba, ambos municípios do Estado de São Paulo. A capacitação foi realizada por meio de aulas expositivas para os dois grupos, contudo para o grupo A foi utilizado uma apostila adaptada da World Health Organization (2006), para que os agentes comunitários de saúde pudessem acompanhar as atividades realizadas de forma interativa. A capacitação abordou os temas: audição e deficiência auditiva, tipos, prevenção e causas da deficiência auditiva, técnicas de identificação e diagnóstico da deficiência auditiva e aspectos gerais da deficiência auditiva. Para validar a capacitação foi aplicado um questionário pré e pós-capacitação com perguntas sobre os assuntos que foram abordados no decorrer do curso, a fim de analisar a assimilação do conteúdo ministrado. RESULTADOS: a capacitação foi efetiva, com aumento no escore total obtido nos questionários pré e pós-capacitação. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados comprovam a eficácia do programa de capacitação com utilização de material e abordagem interativa proposto para os agentes comunitários de saúde dos Programas de Saúde da Família.

BACKGROUND: training of community health agents in hearing health. AIM: to verify the effectiveness of a training program regarding the hearing health of children for Community Health Agents of a Family Health Program. METHOD: research sample consisted of two groups: Group A, constituted by 31 community health agents, from Bauru, SP, and Group B, constituted by 75 community health agents, from Sorocaba, SP. Training was provided through classes for both groups. For Group A, a text adapted from the material organized by the World Health Organization (2006) was used so that the community health agents could follow the activities in an interactive way. Training focused on the following topics: normal and impaired hearing; types, prevention and causes of hearing loss; procedures to identify and diagnose the hearing impairment and rehabilitation. Pre and post training questionnaires were used to assess the assimilation of the presented content. RESULTS: training demonstrated to be effective, since there was an increase in the overall score when comparing the scores obtained in the pre and post training questionnaires CONCLUSION: the results indicate the effectiveness of the training program for community health agents of a Family Health Program with the use of texts and with an interactive approach.

Avaliação do Programa Saúde da Família em municípios do Nordeste brasileiro: velhos e novos desafios / An assessment of the Family Health Program in municipalities of Northeast Brazil: old and new challenges

Este artigo apresenta parte dos resultados referentes à pesquisa avaliativa Estudos de Linha de Base, desenvolvida em 21 municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes em três estados do Nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo geral foi avaliar experiências de implementação do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), com foco nas induções do PROESF. Foi realizada Análise de Implantação utilizando-se como método o estudo de caso. Na análise utilizaram-se as dimensões: político-institucional, organização da atenção e cuidado integral. Como avanços destacam-se: priorização do PSF em áreas de risco; aprendizado institucional, qualificação dos gestores e equipes; centrais de regulação, vínculo e percepção positiva sobre PSF. Em relação aos desafios observaram-se: fortalecimento da capacidade formuladora local, alocação dos recursos na Atenção Básica, desprecarização do trabalho, efetivação de rede de atenção, fortalecimento da participação social, qualificação do monitoramento e avaliação para tomada de decisão; acolhimento; filas para exames, consultas e internação; implementação do trabalho em equipe e atividades promocionais e intersetoriais.

This article presents part of the results from the Baseline Studies, an evaluative research conducted in 21 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants each, in three States of Northeast Brazil. The overall objective was to assess experiences in the implementation of the Family Health Program (FHP), with a focus on inductions in the PROESF. An implementation analysis was performed, using the case study method. The analysis focused on these dimensions: political-institutional, health organization, and comprehensive care. Outstanding advances included: prioritize the FHP in high-risk areas; institutional learning, with qualification of managers and teams; definition of institutional levels for regulating the FHP; and health team-user bonds and positive perceptions concerning the program. Challenges included: strengthening of local policy and decision-making capacity; allocation of primary care resources; greater employment security for human resources; effective implementation of the health care network; strengthening of social participation; upgrading of monitoring and evaluation for decision-making; receptivity; waiting lines for tests, appointments, and hospital admissions; implementation of teamwork; health promotion and inter-sector activities.

Avaliação de efetividade da Atenção Básica à Saúde em municípios das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil: contribuições metodológicas / Evaluation of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care in South and Northeast Brazil: methodological contributions

O artigo apresenta a metodologia de Estudo de Linha de Base (ELB), que avaliou a efetividade da Estratégia Saúde da Família em comparação às unidades básicas de saúde tradicionais. A base do estudo foi composta por 41 municípios acima de 100 mil habitantes, 21 da Região Sul e vinte do Nordeste. Principal variável dependente e pressuposto da base amostral do ELB, a efetividade das ações programáticas das unidades básicas de saúde foi examinada na população de sua área de abrangência, por meio de inquérito epidemiológico. O modelo de atenção das unidades básicas de saúde foi a principal variável independente. Seu efeito sobre as ações programáticas foi controlado por região geopolítica, região metropolitana e porte populacional dos municípios. A cobertura das ações foi caracterizada segundo aspectos sócio-econômicos, demográficos e de saúde. A utilização de grupos de comparação, amostras por múltiplos estágios, medidas padronizadas, controle de características geográficas e sócio-demográficas da população e critérios bem definidos para julgar os achados são contribuições da metodologia utilizada para o delineamento de futuros estudos de avaliação da Atenção Básica à Saúde.

The article presents the methodology used in the Baseline Study that evaluated the effectiveness of the Family Health Strategy as compared to traditional primary health care units. The study included 41 municipalities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants each, 21 from the South and 20 from the Northeast of Brazil. As the principal dependent variable and underlying premise for sampling in the Baseline Study, the effectiveness of program activities in the primary care units was analyzed in the population within the respective coverage areas, using an epidemiological survey. The health care model in the primary care units was the principal independent variable. Its effect on program activities was controlled according to geopolitical region, metropolitan area, and population size in the municipalities. Coverage of the activities was characterized according to socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related factors. The use of comparison groups, multiple-stage samples, standardized measures, adjustment for geographic and socio-demographic characteristics, and well-defined criteria for judging the findings are contributions by the methodology employed here for designing future studies to evaluate primary health care.

Lymphatic filariasis in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: current status and prospects for elimination

Lymphatic filariasis [LF] represents a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease is endemic or suspected in several countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Recent advances in diagnosis and therapy led the World Health Assembly to pass a resolution in 1997 calling for "the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem." The elimination strategy is based on rounds of mass drug administration of an annual single-dose of combined drug regimens for 5-6 consecutive years. Subsequent steps included formation of a Regional Programme Review Group to orient national LF control programmes towards the concept of elimination, provide advice, review each national plan of action and review annual reports. To date, Egypt and the Republic of Yemen have active national LF elimination programmes, however, elimination activities in the Republic of Yemen are still restricted to certain identified endemic regions. Other countries in the Region are on their way to verifying the situation and if LF is proved to be endemic, will start mapping endemic localities. This review sheds light on the status of LF elimination activities in the Region and highlights some of the major accomplishments

Integrated child development services scheme (ICDS) in India: its activities, present status and future strategy to reduce malnutrition.

Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) provides an integrated approach for converging all the basic services for improved child care, early stimulation and learning, health and nutrition, water and environmental sanitation aimed at the young children, expectant and lactating mothers, other women and adolescent girls in a community. Its objectives are: To improve nutritional and health status of children of 0-6 years; to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout; to achieve effective co-ordination amongst various departments to promote child development; to lay foundation of proper psychological,physical and social development of the child; to enahance mother's capability to look after normal health and nutritional needs of the child. ICDS services are provided through a village based centre ie, the Anganwadicentre for the services of: Supplementary nutrition, immunisation, health check-up, referral services, treatment of minor illnesses, nutrition and health education to women, preschool education to children and supports for water supply, sanitation, etc. Several government departments and their services are co-ordinated at village, block, district, state and central levels. The Anganwadiworker is the most peripheral functionary which implements the programme services at the village/community level. In projects where able leadership has been provided, ICDS has been reported to be better. Though there are some shortcomings in ICDS, till future thrust of the programme is necessary for aiming of the upliftment of underprivileged section of the population. Operative research in various areas is suggested which can help in improving the efficiency of ICDS.

Integration of health care delivery in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization

This paper reviews developments in the integration of health care delivery in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. It describes the integrated intersectoral support of socioeconomic community development [district health systems and basic development needs], the functional intrasectoral integration of health services and interventions, and health resources integration

Health and development

In this paper, the relationship between health and development is discussed. The impact of development on health and the importance of health to development are illustrated. The challenges to achieving health and development are outlined and the role of the World Health Organization in promoting these two objectives and their interrelationship is reviewed

Partnership of the community in support of health for all

Health for all is a people-based approach to health which considers the community as its focus. Community partnership is an important principle of health for all. This paper describes the many aspects of community partnership and gives examples of community partnerships initiatives in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, such as the basic development needs approach. The main agenda of community partnership for health for all is discussed and some opportunities conductive to community partnership in the Region are outlined

Projeto Catarata no Município de Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais / Project lens opacity on the Juiz de Fora Council - Minas Gerais

Foram examinados 844 pacientes com diminuiçäo da acuidade visual, selecionados segundo os critérios adotados pelo Projeto de Erradicaçäo de Cegueira por Catarata nos bairros de periferia e zona rural do Município de Juiz de Fora. Após o diagnóstico de catarata, foi contatado que a maior incidência ocorreu nas faixas etárias superiores a 70 anos. Realizou-se o tratamento clínico e cirúrgico das patologias diagnosticadas. A orientaçäo aos pacientes da necessidade do exame oftalmológico precoce foi uma das prioridades durante o atendimento no projeto