Ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias e consequências para a saúde pública no Nordeste do Brasil / Ocurrence of cyanobacterial bloom and consequences for public health in Northeastern Brazil / Ocurrencia de las floraciones de cianobacterias y consecuencias para la salud pública en el Nordeste de Brasil

As florações são resultado de interações entre fatores físicos, químicos e biológicos, sendo caracterizadas pelo crescimento massivo de microrganismos. As proliferações de cianobactérias indicam a deterioração na qualidade da água e podem ser consideradas problemas de saúde pública, devido à capacidade de produção e liberação de toxinas pelas cianobactérias nos ambientes aquáticos, especialmente nos reservatórios de abastecimento. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar, a partir de uma revisão de literatura, a ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas e os efeitos especialmente para saúde pública. A metodologia utilizada foi revisão narrativa de trabalhos selecionados seguindo os critérios de inclusão. Foi verificada a ocorrência de 74 espécies de cianobactérias, sendo Microcystis aeruginosa e Raphidiopsis raciborskii as predominantes. Espécies potencialmente tóxicas foram encontradas em todas as florações relatadas nos trabalhos realizados na região Nordeste. As florações de cianobactérias ocorreram principalmente em reservatórios da região Nordeste, juntamente com cianotoxinas (microcistinas, cilindrospermopiscina e saxitoxina). Têm sido frequentes florações com cianotoxinas em sistemas aquáticos, ocasionando alterações no ambiente aquático. Essas modificações alcançam diversos níveis tróficos e podem alcançar o homem, sendo problema de saúde pública.

The blooms are the result of interactions between physical, chemical, and biological factors, and are characterized by the explosive growth of microorganisms. The proliferations of cyanobacteria indicate deterioration in quality and can be considered public health problems due to the ability of cyanobacteria to produce and release toxins in aquatic environments, especially in supply reservoirs. Thus, this study aimed to review the literature to verify the occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin blooms and the effects especially for public health. The methodology used was narrative review of selected papers according to the inclusion criteria. The occurrence of 74 cyanobacteria species was verified, with Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii being the predominant ones. Potentially toxic species were found in all blooms studies carried out in the Northeast region. Cyanobacterial blooms were found mainly in reservoirs in the Northeast region, along with cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxin). Blooms with cyanotoxins have been frequent in aquatic systems, causing changes in the aquatic environment. These changes reach several trophic levels, and can reach man, being a public health problem.

Las floraciones son el resultado de interacciones entre factores físicos, químicos y biológicos, caracterizadas por el crecimiento explosivo de microorganismos. La proliferación de cianobacterias indica un deterioro de la calidad y puede considerarse un problema de salud pública debido a la capacidad de las cianobacterias de producir y liberar toxinas en ambientes acuáticos, especialmente en los embalses de abastecimiento. Así, este estudio tenía como objetivo revisar la literatura para verificar la ocurrencia de floraciones de cianobacterias y cianotoxina, así como sus efectos especialmente en la salud pública. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión narrativa de los documentos seleccionados de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión. Se verificó la aparición de 74 especies de cianobacterias, de las cuales Microcystis aeruginosa y Raphidiopsis raciborskii fueron las más predominantes. Se encontraron especies potencialmente tóxicas en todos los estudios de floración realizados en los estados de la región Nordeste de Brasil. Las floraciones de cianobacterias se encontraron principalmente en embalses en la región Nordeste, junto con cianotoxinas (microcistinas, cilindrospermopsinas y saxitoxinas). Ha habido frecuentes floraciones con cianotoxinas en los sistemas acuáticos, causando cambios en el medio acuático. Estos cambios alcanzan varios niveles tróficos y pueden llegar al hombre, siendo un problema de salud pública.

Distribution and abundance of dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan, northern part of the Arabian Sea / Distribuição e abundância de dinoflagelados nas águas costeiras de Karachi, Paquistão, parte norte do Mar da Arábia

The present study reports on seasonal and spatial variations in diversity, distribution and abundance of dinoflegellates and indicates the presence of HAB species in Pakistan waters. A total of 179 taxa, recorded in this study from offshore and near-shore waters, belong to 41 genera in 26 families and 10 orders. The high species count (149 species) was recorded from Manora Island offshore station (MI-1) and 105 spp, 109 spp and 115 spp were encountered from the Mubarak village offshore station (MV-1), Manora near shore station (MI-2) and Mubarak Village near-shore station (MV-2) respectively. Tripos furca was the dominant and frequently occurring species (> 1 x10³ to > 25 x10³ cells L-¹ from coastal and >1x 105 cells L-¹ from near-shore stations) in addition to less abundant Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum, and Prorocentrum micans (>103 to 25x 10³cells/L). Another 44 species occurred in relatively low numbers (<10³ cell L-¹). Seventy species were found throughout the study period at all four stations. High number of species in three genera (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) and Prorocentrum (20) was recorded. Potently toxic (16 genera 43 species) and HAB related (19 genera and 30 species) dinoflagellate taxa were also recorded. The percent contribution of dinoflagellates in total phytoplankton population generally remained below 20% except for a few instances. Manora Island stations had comparatively higher Shannon index and equitability and slightly lower dominance index. The PCA plot showed strong positive correlation among chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved oxygen, total number of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates.

O presente estudo relata variações sazonais e espaciais na diversidade, na distribuição e na abundância de dinoflegelados e indica a presença de espécies de HAB nas águas do Paquistão. Um total de 179 táxons, registrados nesse estudo de águas offshore e próximas à costa, pertence a 41 gêneros em 26 famílias e 10 ordens. A alta contagem de espécies (149 espécies) foi registrada na estação offshore da Ilha de Manora (MI-1) e 105 spp., 109 spp. e 115 spp. foram encontrados na estação offshore da vila de Mubarak (MV-1), Manora perto da estação costeira (MI- 2) e estação próxima à costa da Vila de Mubarak (MV-2), respectivamente. Tripos furca foi a espécie dominante e de ocorrência frequente (> 1 x103 a > 25 x103 células L-1 da costa e > 1x 105 células Ll de estações próximas à costa), além de Alexandrium catenella menos abundante, Alexandrium sp., Alexandrium minutum e Prorocentrum micans (> 103 a 25x 103 células/L). Outras 44 espécies ocorreram em números relativamente baixos (< 103 células L-1). Setenta espécies foram encontradas durante o período de estudo em todas as quatro estações. Foi registrado um alto número de espécies em três gêneros (Tripos (38), Protoperidinium (34) e Prorocentrum (20). Potencialmente tóxicos (16 gêneros e 43 espécies) e HAB relacionados (19 gêneros e 30 espécies), táxons de dinoflagelados também foram registrados. A contribuição percentual de dinoflagelados na população fitoplanctônica total geralmente permaneceu abaixo de 20%, exceto em alguns casos. As estações da Ilha de Manora tinham índice de Shannon comparativamente mais alto e equitabilidade e índice de dominância ligeiramente mais baixos. O gráfico de PCA mostrou forte correlação positiva entre concentração de clorofila-a e oxigênio dissolvido, número total de fitoplânctons e dinoflagelados.

Toxinas Algales en el Mar Argentino: nuevos hallazgos, nuevos desafíos / Algal Toxins in the Argentine Sea: new findings, new challenges

Resumen Las floraciones de algas nocivas son un problema cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial que ocasiona severos daños sobre la salud pública, pérdidas económicas en acuicultura, perjuicios al turismo y episodios de mortalidad de poblaciones naturales de peces, aves y mamíferos marinos. Las toxinas son producidas por el fitoplancton y se acumulan en moluscos bivalvos que se alimentan por filtración del agua siendo estos los principales vectores de intoxicación humana. En el Mar Argentino, se han reportado toxinas marinas de origen microalgal asociadas con cuatro síndromes de intoxicación por moluscos. Los síndromes más graves por su extensión, frecuencia, toxicidad y organismos afectados, son los originados por el dinoflagelado Alexandrium cate-nella responsable de la Intoxicación Paralizante por Moluscos la cual ha ocasionado numerosas muertes humanas. Seguidamente, la más leve, en cuanto a gravedad y frecuencia, ha sido la Intoxicación Diarreica por Moluscos. En contraste, el ácido domoico, conocido como toxina amnésica de moluscos, no ha producido hasta ahora intoxicaciones humanas. Recientemente, se amplió el rango de toxinas para la región al registrarse las toxinas y los dinoflagelados productores de la Intoxicación Azaspirácidos por Moluscos. Además, se han detectado las potencialmente tóxicas Yessotoxinas y Espirolidos, cuyos mecanismos de acción y toxicidad están siendo aún evaluados a nivel mundial. Estas toxinas emergentes para la región, representan un riesgo potencial para la salud e inconvenientes socioeconómicos por el cierre de los sitios de explotación de moluscos. Ciertamente presentan un nuevo desafío, pues la detección y cuantificación sólo puede realizarse por medio de métodos basados en HPLC - espectrometría de masas, lo cual dificulta el monitoreo en laboratorios regionales en el país. La herramienta clave de manejo es la prevención, a través de políticas, regulaciones y sistemas de monitoreo y control de cada grupo de toxinas. A través de estas mejoras, se anticipa que no sólo disminuirá el número de afectados por estas intoxicaciones, si no que se podrán realizar vedas más eficientes, asegurando un equilibrio que proteja tanto la salud pública como el desarrollo de la industria pesquera.

Abstract Harmful algal blooms are an increasingly common problem worldwide, causing severe damage to public health, economic losses in aquaculture, damage to tourism and mortality events of natural populations of fish, birds and marine mammals. The toxins are produced by phytoplankton and accumulated in bivalve molluscs that feed on water filtration, being these main vectors of human intoxication. In the Argentine Sea marine toxins of microalgal origin have been reported associated with four shellfish poisoning syn-dromes. The most serious due to their extension, frequency, toxicity and affected organisms are those caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella responsible for the Paralytic shellfish poisoning that has caused numerous human deaths. Then, the mildest, in severity and frequency, is the Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In contrast, domoic acid, known as Amnesic shellfish toxin, has not produced human intoxications yet. Recently, toxins and dinoflagellate species causing Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning have been re-corded, expanding the range of toxins for the region. In addition, the potentially toxic Yessotoxins and Spirolides have been detected, whose mechanism of action and toxicity is still being evaluated worldwide. These emerging toxins represent a potential risk to public health and socioeconomic activities due to the eventual closure of mollusc exploitation sites. They certainly present a new challenge, since detection and quantification can only be carried out using methods based on HPLC - mass spectrometry, which makes monitor-ing in regional laboratories difficult. Prevention through policies, regulations, and monitoring and control systems of each toxin group is the key management tool. These preventive measures are expected to contribute to reducing the number of poisonings and to ap-plying more efficient fisheries closures, ensuring a balance that protects both public health and the development of the fishing industry.

Cianobacterias en las playas: riesgos toxicológicos y vulnerabilidad infantil / Cyanobacteria in beaches: toxicological risk and child vulnerability / Cianobactérias nas praias: riscos toxicológicos e vulnerabilidade infantil

Resumen: Las cianobacterias son bacterias fotosintéticas del plancton de aguas dulces y saladas. Su acumulación excesiva en las aguas recreacionales y potables se conoce como floración algal, con potenciales efectos en la salud de seres humanos. Son predominantemente estivales, en cursos de aguas dulces y pueden alcanzar las costas oceánicas. Esta es una revisión bibliográfica basada en las publicaciones registradas en PubMed-Medline, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud que incluye SciELO, LILACS, IBECS), Springer, Science Direct, Portal Timbó, y obtenidas con los términos "cianobacterias", "cianotoxinas", "microcistina", "floraciones algales", "pediatría", "niños", "recreacional" "intoxicación" "exposición", sin límites de año de publicación. Su objetivo es actualizar el conocimiento sobre cianotoxinas y efectos en la salud humana, analizar escenarios de riesgo de exposición a cianobacterias, particularmente en niños, y reforzar medidas preventivas de la exposición y promover acciones desde el sector sanitario. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la intoxicación por exposición reciente son malestar general, irritación de piel y mucosas, síntomas respiratorios e incluso afectación hepática en casos graves. Es preciso incluir estas floraciones en la etiopatogenia de estos cuadros y relacionarlos con la exposición utilizando la monitorización de floraciones del país. La exposición a cianobacterias es un riesgo emergente para la salud. La evidencia científica de los últimos años consolida el conocimiento de efectos en la salud humana por exposición a cianobacterias. Recientemente se identifica el baño, juegos infantiles e ingesta de arena en costas con altos niveles de contaminación como un escenario de riesgo en niños. La evidencia de hepatoxicidad por cianotoxinas es aún más escasa, aunque existen casos documentados. El sistema de monitoreo de playas permite a los equipos de salud incorporar la sospecha de exposición a cianobacterias y el posible contacto con sus toxinas, para poder realizar un diagnóstico temprano y participar en la prevención de la exposición.

Summary: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria from fresh and saltwater plankton. Its excessive accumulation in recreational and drinking waters is known as algal bloom that could potentially affect human health. They are mainly seen in summer, in freshwater waterways and can reach the ocean coasts. This is a bibliographic review based on the publications registered in PubMed-Medline, BVS (Virtual Health Library that includes SciELO, LILACS, IBECS), Springer, Science Direct, Portal Timbó, and obtained with the terms "cyanobacteria", "cyanotoxins", "Microcystine", "algal blooms", "pediatrics", "children", "recreational" "intoxication" "exposure" without year of publication limits. The review aims to update knowledge about cyanotoxins and their effect on human health; analyze risk scenarios of exposure to cyanobacteria, particularly in children, and reinforce preventive measures for exposure, as well as to promote actions from the health sector. The clinical manifestations of recent exposure poisoning are general malaise, skin and mucous irritation, respiratory symptoms and even liver insufficiency in severe cases. It is necessary to include these blooms in the pathogenesis of these clinic cases and relate them to the exposure using the monitoring of blooms in the country. Exposure to cyanobacteria is an emerging health risk. The scientific evidence of the last years consolidates knowledge on the effect of exposure to cyanobacteria on human health. Recently, bathing, children's games, and sand intake on coasts with high levels of contamination have been identified as a risk scenario for children. Evidence of cyanotoxin hepatoxicity is even scarcer, although there are documented cases. The beach monitoring system allows health teams to incorporate the suspicion of exposure to cyanobacteria and possible contact with their toxins, to make an early diagnosis and participate in the prevention of exposure.

Resumo: As cianobactérias são bactérias fotossintéticas do plâncton de águas doces e salgadas. Sua acumulação excessiva em águas recreacionais e potáveis é conhecida como floração algal com potenciais efeitos sobre a saúde de seres humanos. São predominantemente estivais, ocorrem em cursos de águas doces e podem alcançar as costas oceânicas. Esta é uma revisão bibliográfica baseada nas publicações indexadas em PubMed-Medline, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde que inclui SciELO, LILACS, IBECS), Springer, Science Direct, Portal Timbó, e obtidas com os termos "cianobactérias", "cianotoxinas", "microcistina", "florações algais", "pediatria", "crianças", "recreacional" "intoxicação" "exposição", sem limites de ano de publicação. Seu objetivo é atualizar o conhecimento sobre cianotoxinas e efeitos sobre a saúde humana; analisar cenários de risco de exposição a cianobactérias, particularmente em crianças e reforçar medidas preventivas de exposição e promover ações do setor sanitário. As manifestações clínicas da intoxicação por exposição recente são mal-estar geral, irritação de pele e mucosas, sintomas respiratórios e incluso afetação hepática nos casos graves. É preciso incluir estas florações, na etiopatogenia destes quadros e relacioná-las com a exposição utilizando o monitoramento das florações do país. A exposição a cianobactérias é um risco emergente para a saúde. A evidência científica dos últimos anos consolida o conhecimento sobre os efeitos sobre a saúde humana por exposição a cianobactérias; recentemente foram identificados como um cenário de risco para crianças: o banho, jogos infantis e ingestão de areia nas costas com altos níveis de contaminação. A evidência de hepatoxicidade por cianotoxinas é ainda escassa embora existam casos documentados. O sistema de monitoramento de praias permite as equipes de saúde incorporar a suspeita de exposição a cianobactérias e o possível contacto com suas toxinas, para poder realizar um diagnóstico precoce e participar na prevenção da exposição.

Florecimiento algal nocivo de Pyrodinium bahamense en diciembre 2018 en la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala / Harmful algal bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense in December 2018 in the Pacific coast of Guatemala

Los florecimientos algales nocivos (FAN) son eventos naturales que ocurren cuando una o más especies de microalgas proliferan en concentraciones que pueden causar daño a los organismos acuáticos y a seres humanos que los consuman. En las últimas décadas, se ha registrado a nivel mundial un aumento de eventos de mortalidad alarmante de organismos acuáticos e intoxicaciones en seres humanos causadas por toxinas producidas por microalgas. En Guatemala existe escasa información sobre eventos FAN, no obstante, en diciembre de 2018 ocurrió un FAN en la costa Pacífico de Guatemala. La Comisión Nacional para la Vigilancia y el Control de la Marea Roja Tóxica recolectó muestras biológicas e identificó la presencia de 3,000 cel/L del dinoflagelado Pyrodinium bahamense. El bioensayo en ratón de las muestras, indica concentraciones de saxitoxina de 8,236 UR/100 g y 6,559 UR/100 g, para los días 20 y 27 de diciembre, respectivamente. Estas concentraciones no han sido reportadas previamente en Guatemala, y pueden ser potencialmente tóxicas para la salud pública. Se recomienda mantener un monitoreo de FAN para prevenir impactos negativos en la salud pública y ambiental.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are natural events that occur when one or more species of microalgae proliferate at concentrations that can cause damage to aquatic organisms and to those who consume them. In Guatemala very little information exists on HAB events, although in December 2018 has occurred a HABs at the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. A biological sample were collected by the National Commission for Surveillance and Control of Toxic Red Tide. The samples showed 3,000 cel/L of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense. During the bioassay for saxitoxin, the concentrations reached 8,236 MU/100 g and 6,559 MU/100 g, for December 20th and 27th, respectively. These concentrations has not been reported previously for Guatemala, and could be a risk in the public health. This result emphasizes the importance of maintaining the HABS monitoring program to prevent negative impact on public environmental health.

Risk assessment indexes for shellfish poisoning outbreak caused by red tide / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the indexes and weights of risk assessment of shellfish poisoning outbreak caused by red tide.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The risk assessment indexes were developed with the methods of literature review, brainstorm and expert consultation, and the weights of indexes were calculated by the method of analytic hierarchy process. The established indexes contained the risk possibility, impacts of public health, population vulnerability and resilience. The relative risk indexes(integrated risk indexes) of different shellfish poisoning were computed by combining hierarchy process and TOPSIS methods. Moreover, the weights of indexes were further used to generate absolute risk values by multiplying indexes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four primary indexes and 17 secondary indexes were identified for risk assessment of shellfish poisoning outbreak. Of 17 secondary indexes, the knowing rate of shellfish poisoning, medical accessibility, the number of people being affected, laboratory testing capacity and the habits of eating seafood of local residents had relatively large weights (0.0876, 0.0840, 0.0716, 0.0703 and 0.0644, respectively), which accounted for nearly 38% of the total weight. All consistency ratio (CR) were less than 0.1. The index system was applied in Cangnan county of Zhejiang province. The results showed the relative risk indexes of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) were 0.4526, 0.7116, 0.1657 and 0.2884, and the absolute risk values were 0.2542, 0.2668, 0.1907 and 0.2184, respectively. The risk orders of the 4 kinds of shellfish poisoning sorted by relative risk indexes and absolute risk values were consistent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The indexes and weights of risk assessment of shellfish poisoning outbreak caused by red tide are established, which can provide scientific advice for prevention and control of shellfish poisoning outbreak.</p>

Florecimientos algales nocivos producidos por Pyrodinium bahamense en Oaxaca, México (2009-2010) / Harmful algal blooms produced by Pyrodinium bahamense in Oaxaca, Mexico (2009-2010)

Objetivo. Monitorear el dinoflagelado Pyrodinium bahamense y sus toxinas en ostión de roca Striostrea prismatica en Santiago Astata y en Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, de septiembre de 2009 a junio de 2010. Material y métodos. Se analizó mensualmente la abundancia de Pyrodinium bahamense mediante el método de Sedgewick-Rafter y la concentración de toxinas paralizantes y perfil tóxico en tejido blando del molusco en muestras compuestas de cada zona por el método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Resultados. Se encontró alta abundancia de Pyrodinium bahamense en Santiago Astata en diciembre, febrero, abril y junio, y en Puerto Escondido en abril y junio. Los niveles de toxinas paralizantes fueron superiores al límite permisible para consumo humano en Santiago Astata en noviembre, diciembre, enero, febrero y junio; en la zona de Puerto Escondido, en diciembre y junio. Conclusiones. Estos niveles de toxinas representaron riesgo para la salud pública en la zona de estudio.

Objective. Pyrodinium bahamense monitoring in water and their toxins in rock oyster Striostrea prismatica in Santiago Astata and Puerto Escondido Oaxaca was performed from September 2009 to July 2010. Materials and methods. Pyrodinium bahamense abundance in water, and concentration and toxic profile of paralytic shellfish toxins were analyzed monthly in soft tissue of mollusk in composite samples in high performance liquid chromatography. Results. High abundance of Pyrodinium bahamense was found in Santiago Astata on December, February, April and June; and in Puerto Escondido on April and June. The concentrations of the paralyzing toxin that exceeded the regulatory limit for human consumption of mollusks (800 µg STX eq. kg-1) were presented in Santiago Astata on November, December, January, February and June; and in Puerto Escondido on December and June. Conclusions. For several months there was risk to public health due to the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins above the regulatory limit in oysters from the study area.

Ocorrência de algas cianofíticas em água de dessedentação de bovinos criados extensivamente / Occurrence of blue-green algae in the drinking water of extensively raised cattle

Na pecuária extensiva, os bebedouros naturais ou artificiais possibilitam o acesso direto dos bovinos ao seu interior e trazem como consequência a degradação da qualidade da água e o aumento dos riscos sanitários. Em tais circunstâncias ocorre a eutrofização e consequentemente a floração de algas, dentre elas cianobactérias toxigênicas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ocorrência de cianobactérias de interesse sanitário em água de dessedentação de bovinos e descrever os seus parâmetros físico-químicos pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido. Foram examinadas 19 amostras de água de cacimbas ou bebedouros naturais formados predominantemente em decorrência da precipitação pluviométrica, coletadas em seis propriedades rurais localizadas nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, para a presença de cianobactérias e mensurados os valores de pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido. Microcystis e/ou Merismopedia foram detectadas em dois bebedouros; em um dos quais havia intensa floração. Os valores de pH, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido nas 19 coleções oscilaram entre pH 7,2-9,7, 31-34ºC e 7,8-30mg/l, respectivamente. Foram detectadas ainda algas consideradas não patogênicas de diversos gêneros, em conjunto ou não com a ocorrência das cianofíticas. Nessas condições, as práticas comuns de oferta de água de dessedentação na bovinocultura extensiva, as possibilidades de eutrofização e a contaminação por cianobactérias trazem potenciais riscos à saúde dos animais.

In extensive animal husbandry, natural or artificial ponds allow direct access of cattle to water but result in degradation of water quality and in increased health risks. Under such circumstances eutrophication occurs and consequently algal bloom, among them toxigenic cyanobacteria. The present study aimed to report the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the drinking water of cattle and to describe their physical and chemical parameters, as pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. Nineteen samples of natural ponds or water troughs formed predominantly as result of rainfall from six farms located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil were analyzed for the presence of cyanobacteria, and pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen was measured. Microcystis and/or Merismopedia were detected in two ponds; one of them was covered with intense flowering. The values of pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen in 19 collections were pH 7.2-9.7, 31-34ºC and 7.8-30mg/l respectively. Also non-pathogenic algae of several genera were detected besides the occurrence or not of cianogenics. Under these conditions, the common practices of drinking water supply for extensively raised cattle and the possibilities of eutrophication and cyanobacterial growth bring potential risks for animal health.

Plankton research in the ROPME sea area, achievements and gaps

Plankton studies are one of the major items of the marine scientific activities in the ROPME Sea Area, whereas numerous investigations have been conducted on the plankton during the past century. For phytoplankton, species composition, abundance and biomass, primary production, harmful algal blooms, red tide, toxic species, and eutrophication were considered. Zooplankton studies included species composition and abundance, certain zooplankton groups and few studies on certain species. The main achievement of these studies was the identification of large number of phytoplankton and zooplankton species in different parts of the RSA and estimation of their abundance. The survey of these studies revealed the occurrence of several gaps in the plankton research in ROPME Sea Area. For example, the majority of these studies were carried out in the inner part, while some of them were done in the middle part. Several studies were based on samples collected once only during certain time of the year or on samples collected from localized areas. The role of the function groups of the both phytoplankton and zooplankton, the harmful algal blooms, toxic phytoplankton species, the role of small phytoplankton groups rather diatoms and dinoflagellates and vertical migration of zooplankton were little concerned. In addition, the continuous record of the Indo-Pacific species entering the inner RSA from the Sea of Oman appeared to be completely missed. The present study attempts to stress the achievements as well as the gaps in the earlier plankton studies in the ROPME Sea Area in order to propose a scientific plan for comprehensive study of plankton community relative to the prevailing environmental conditions in the concerned area

La increíble empresa de Sarmiento de Gamboa y su triste fin: Posibles causas de la tragedia en el Estrecho de Magallanes en el siglo XVI / The possible causes of the tragedy of “Port Famine” in the Strait of Magellan

The attempts to colonize the Strait of Magellan soon followed the discovery of this route. PeDro Sarmiento de Gamboa, a Spanish sailor, established human settlements to fortify those lands and control the transit of vessels, especially those of English corsairs, which devastated Chilean and Peruvian coasts. During the summer of 1584, approximately 500 soldiers, artisans, priests, women and children established two villages called “Nombre de Jesús” and “Rey Don Felipe”. From the beginning, these settlers had leadership and communication problems and difficulties to obtain food. After three winters only 17 to 18 people survived according to the testimony of one of the survivors, that was rescued by an English sailor named Cavendish, which renamed the village “Rey Don Felipe” as “Port Famine”. When he observed the scenes of abandonment and death, he supposed that the settlers died due to lack of food. Other factors that facilitated the desolation were hypothermia, execution, anthropophagy and lesions caused by natives. There is also a possibility that intoxication by red tide (harmful algal bloom) could explain in part the finding of unburied corpses in the strait beaches.

Reporter gene assay for detection of shellfish toxins / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the potential reporter gene assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific toxins in shellfish as an alternative for screening harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins, considering the fact that the existing methods including HPLC and bioassay are inappropriate for identifying HAB toxins which poses a serious problem on human health and shellfish industry.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A reporter plasmid pEGFP-c-fos containing c-fos promoter and EGFP was constructed and transfected into T24 cells using LipofectAMINE 2000. Positive transfectants were screened by G418 to produce a pEGFP-c-fos-T24 cell line. After addition of increasing neurotoxic shellfish poison (NSP) or GTX2,3, primary components of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), changes in expression of EGFP in the cell line were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope and quantified with Image-pro Plus software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Dose-dependent changes in the intensity of green fluorescence were observed for NSP in a range from 0 to 10 ng/mL and for GTX2,3 from 0 to 16 ng/mL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>pEGFP-c-fos-T24 can be applied in detecting HAB toxins, and cell-based assay can be used as an alternative for screening sodium channel-specific HAB toxins.</p>

Chemical Evaluation for western coast of Mediterranean Sea in Egypt

PH, dissolved oxygen, oxidizable organic matter, as well as nutrient salts [NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, and SiO4] were studied in the water of western coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt [west of Alexandria] at different depths ranging from 0-200 m depth for inshore and offshore stations during winter [31 January to 5 February] and summer [3-10 September], 2006. During the last three decades, many touristic cities were constructed along the study coastal area. These coastal areas are exhibiting sings of stress, population pressures, and coastal development may lead to: declining fisheries, proliferation of harmful algal blooms nourished by sewage and agricultural run off close to beaches harming fish and causing health problems. Thus, this paper aimed to assess the eutrophication level in the study area

Long-Term Dynamics of Freshwater Red Tide in Shallow Lake in Central Japan

Objective: The aim of this study is to clarify the long-term dynamics of the red tide occurring in Lake Kawaguchi. Methods: The measurement of environmental factors and water sampling were carried out monthly at a fixed station in Lake Kawaguchi’s center basin from April 1993 to March 2004. On June 26, 1995, the horizontal distribution of Peridinium bipes was investigated using a plastic pipe, obtaining 0~1-m layers of water column samples at 68 locations across the entire lake. Results: P. bipes showed an explosive growth and formed a freshwater red tide in the early summer of 1995, when the nutrient level was higher than those in the other years, particularly the phosphate concentration in the surface layer. The dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) concentration was sufficient for P. bipes growth in that year. In the study of its horizontal distribution, P. bipes was found at all the locations. The numbers of cells per milliliter ranged from 67 to 5360, averaging 1094±987 cells/ml, with particularly high densities along the northern shore. Since then, P. bipes has annually averaged about 25 cells/ml in Lake Kawaguchi. Conclusion: We observed that the red tide caused by P. bipes correlates with a high DTP concentration in Lake Kawaguchi.

All about red tide and paralytic shellfish poisoning

In summary, we are presented with a patient who ingested mussel that are suspected to contain toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning or PSP. Upon reaching the stomach, the digestive process accelerates the release of PSP toxins. The toxins are rapidly absorbed in the stomachs acidic medium and starts to work on the cellular Na channels, blocking the movement of Naions thus preventing the progression of the action potential with the absence of the action potential, there is a continued state of depolarization. This explains the feeling of numbness of the lips and fingertips, as seen in our patient, since these are the areas where nerve endings abound, and thus, are the areas most sensitive to these chemical changes. Our patient experienced this whole gamut of neurologic manifestations. He also started experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric pain and vomiting which are initially erroneously diagnosed as a separate problem Hearing hearsay reports on coconut milk being used as antidote for cases like these, the patient tried it too. The coconut milk, being an alkaline substance, must have stabilized some of the toxins, thus explaining the mild relief experienced by the patient prior to hospitalization. Upon reaching the hospitals, NGT was inserted and NaHCO3 lavage was done which further stabilized the toxins that were not yet absorbed, while those that were absorbed were excreted through the kidneys with the help of mannitol. After all these measures, the patient experienced considerable relief of the neurologic symptoms, though still with the intermitent epigastric pain erroneously diagnosed as Acid Peptic Disease and treated with antacids. Improvement of the neurologic complaints eventually lead to the discharge of the patient Our patient is just one of the lucky ones who benefited from immediate medical intervention to save his life. Many others arent so lucky - - - most of them never even know what hit them and thus could only look heavenwards hoping for divine intervention. Others are left to languish in understaffed overcrowded hospitals in far-flung places. Worse, a lot of those who have died of PSP never even get to a hospital Grim scenarios such as these are bound to occur yearly as long as pollution, deforestation, ignorance, and poverty prevail. We physician may not be able to curb these ills of society but we can certainly help, first and foremost by initiating the more crucial preventive measures, then by administering immediate and knowledgeable modes of treatment, and finally, by never losing the family physicians most important therapeutic tool: genuine concern for the patient. Hopefully, in doing so, we family physicians can join the family of man down to the sunset of our lives, enjoying Manila Bay for its red beautiful scape, and not for its red deadly tide.