Consenso Argentino intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte II / Argentine Intersociety Consensus on Urinary Infection 2018-2019 - Part II

La segunda parte del Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria incluye el análisis de situaciones especiales. En pacientes con sonda vesical se debe solicitar urocultivo solo cuando hay signo-sintomatología de infección del tracto urinario, antes de instrumentaciones de la vía urinaria o como control en pacientes post-trasplante renal. El tratamiento empírico recomendado en pacientes sin factores de riesgo es cefalosporinas de tercera generación o aminoglucósidos. Las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a cálculos son siempre consideradas complicadas. En caso de obstrucción con urosepsis, deberá realizarse drenaje de urgencia por vía percutánea o ureteral. En pacientes con stents o prótesis ureterales, como catéteres doble J, el tratamiento empírico deberá basarse en la epidemiología, los antibióticos previos y el estado clínico. Antes del procedimiento de litotricia extracorpórea se recomienda pesquisar la bacteriuria y, si es positiva, administrar profilaxis antibiótica según el antibiograma. Cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos son opciones válidas. Se recomienda aplicar profilaxis antibiótica con cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos antes de la nefrolitotomía percutánea. La biopsia prostática trans-rectal puede asociarse a complicaciones infecciosas, como infecciones del tracto urinario o prostatitis aguda, principalmente por Escherichia coli u otras enterobacterias. En pacientes sin factores de riesgo para gérmenes multirresistentes y urocultivo negativo se recomienda realizar profilaxis con amikacina o ceftriaxona endovenosas. En pacientes con urocultivo positivo, se realizará profilaxis según antibiograma, 24 horas previas a 24 horas post-procedimiento. Para el tratamiento dirigido de la prostatitis post-biopsia trans-rectal, los carbapenémicos durante 3-4 semanas son el tratamiento de elección.

The second part of the Inter-Society Argentine Consensus on Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) includes the analysis of special situations. In patients with urinary catheter, urine culture should be requested only in the presence of UTI symptomatology, before instrumentation of the urinary tract, or as a post-transplant control. The antibiotics recommended for empirical treatment in patients without risk factors are third-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. UTIs associated with stones are always considered complicated. In case of obstruction with urosepsis, an emergency drainage should be performed via a percutaneous nefrostomy or ureteral stenting. In patients with stents or ureteral prostheses, such as double J catheters, empirical treatment should be based on epidemiology, prior antibiotics, and clinical status. Before the extracorporeal lithotripsy procedure, bacteriuria should be investigated and antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered in case of positive result, according to the antibiogram. First generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides are valid alternatives. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis with first-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides before percutaneous nephrolithotomy is recommended. Transrectal prostatic biopsy can be associated with infectious complications, such as UTI or acute prostatitis, mainly due to Escherichia coli or other enterobacteria. In patients without risk factors for multiresistant bacteria and negative urine culture, prophylaxis with intravenous amikacin or ceftriaxone is recommended. In patients with positive urine culture, prophylaxis will be performed according to the antibiogram, from 24 hours before to 24 hours post-procedure. For the targeted treatment of post-transrectal biopsy prostatitis, carbapenems for 3-4 weeks are the treatment of choice.

Acute prostatitis after prostate biopsy under ciprofloxacin prophylaxis with or without ornidazole and pre-biopsy enema: analysis of 3. 479 prostate biopsy cases

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of cases of NIH category I acute prostatitis developed after transrectal prostate biopsy and clarifiy the risk factors and preventive factors. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 3.479 cases of transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsies performed with different prophylactic antibiotherapy regimens at two different institutions between January 2011 and February 2016. The patients of Group I have received ciprofl oxacin (n=1.523, 500mg twice daily) and the patients of Group II have received ciprofl oxacin plus ornidazole (n=1.956, 500mg twice daily) and cleansing enema combination as prophylactic antibiotherapy. The incidence, clinical features and other related microbiological and clinical data, were evaluated. Results: Mean age was 62.38±7.30 (47-75), and the mean prostate volume was 43.17±15.20 (21-100) mL. Of the 3.479 patients, 39 (1.1%) developed acute prostatitis after the prostate biopsy procedure. Of the 39 cases of acute prostatitis, 28/3.042 occurred after the first biopsy and 11/437 occurred after repeat biopsy (p=0.038). In Group I, 22 of 1.523 (1.4%) patients developed acute prostatitis. In Group II, 17 of 1.959 (0.8%) patients developed acute prostatitis. There was no statistical difference between the two groups according to acute prostatitis rates (X2=2.56, P=0.11). Further, hypertension or DM were not related to the development of acute prostatitis (P=0.76, X2=0.096 and P=0.83, X2=0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Repeat biopsy seems to increase the risk of acute prostatitis, while the use of antibiotics effective for anaerobic pathogens seems not to be essential yet.

Does a previous prostate biopsy-related acute bacterial prostatitis affect the results of radical prostatectomy?

ABSTRACT Objective To The standard technique for obtaining a histologic diagnosis of prostatic carcinomas is transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Acute prostatitis which might develop after prostate biopsy can cause periprostatic inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we performed a retrospective review of our database to determine whether ABP history might affect the outcome of RP. Materials and Methods 441 RP patients who were operated in our clinic from 2002 to 2014 were included in our study group. All patients' demographic values, PSA levels, biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimen pathology results and their perioperative/ postoperative complications were evaluated. Results There were 41 patients in patients with acute prostatitis following biopsy and 397 patients that did not develop acute prostatitis. Mean blood loss, transfusion rate and operation period were found to be significantly higher in ABP patients. Hospitalization period and reoperation rates were similar in both groups. However, post-op complications were significantly higher in ABP group. Conclusion Even though it does not affect oncological outcomes, we would like to warn the surgeons for potential complaints during surgery in ABP patients.

Diverticulitis aguda perforada simulando prostatitis aguda / Perforated acute diverticulitis mimicking acute prostatitis

We present an unfrequent case of acute diverticulitis mimmicking acute prostatitis. Case report: A 72-year-old man suffering from hypogastric and genital pain, fever and dysuria, with an edematous and tender prostate at physical examination, was initially diagnosed of acute prostatitis. 24 hours later the patient developed left lower quadrant pain and abdominal distension. A CT scan was performed, showing pneumoperitoneum and acute sigmoid diverticulitis signs. The patient underwent a Hartmann's procedure.

Presentamos un caso infrecuente de diverticulitis aguda con manifestaciones clínicas sugerentes de prostatitis aguda. Caso clínico: Varón de 72 años, presenta dolor hipogástrico y en región genital, fiebre y disuria, palpándose una próstata edematosa y dolorosa al tacto rectal, por lo que es inicialmente diagnosticado de prostatitis aguda. A las 24 horas el paciente desarrolla un cuadro de distensión abdominal y dolor en fosa ilíaca izquierda. Una TC abdominal mostró neumoperitoneo y signos de diverticulitis aguda. Se intervino al paciente realizando una intervención de Hartmann.

El bacilo de Calmette-Guérin como inmunomodulador en el cáncer de vejiga / The bacillus Calmette-Guérin as immunomodulator in bladder cancer

The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is regarded as the most successful immunotherapy against superficial bladder carcinoma recurrences to date. BCG intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer has shown its efficacy and advantage over classical therapeutic strategies. This efficacy is based on complex and long lasting immune activation. The initial step is the binding of mycobacteria to the urothelial lining, which depends on the interaction of a fibronectin attachment protein on the bacteria surface with fibronectin in the bladder wall. Granulocytes and other immunocompetent mononuclear cells became attracted to the bladder wall and a cascade of proinflammatory cytokines sustains the immune response. In the bladder wall a largely TH1 based cytokine milieu and granuloma-like cellular foci are established. Within this scenario, the most important effector mechanisms might be the direct antitumor activity of interferons and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Current treatment consists of an induction phase of 6 weeks and a maintenance dose schedule of 3 weeks every three months up to 36. The majority of patients present adverse events related to dose administration due to bladder inflammatory response and on only a few ocassions, there are mayor complications like granulomatous prostatitis. Among all the neoplasms only in superficial bladder cancer the BCG is proved to be effective.

El bacilo de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) es considerado como la inmunoterapia más exitosa en contra del carcinoma de vejiga superficial recidivante hasta la fecha. La terapia intravesical con el BCG para el cáncer superficial de vejiga ha mostrado su eficacia y ventaja sobre otras estrategias terapéuticas; esta eficacia está basada en una compleja y larga duración de la activación inmunológica. El paso inicial es la unión de la micobacteria al urotelio, la cual depende de la interacción con la fibronectina de la bacteria con la fibronectina del urotelio. Los granulocitos y otras células mononucleares inmunocompetentes son atraídos hacia la pared vesical, así activando una cascada inmunológica a través de secreción de diversas citocinas, quienes estimulan a las células asesinas naturales (NK) activadas por el BCG, las cuales son capaces de diferenciar células neoplásicas y del epitelio urinario normal. En la pared vesical se encuentra un medio ambiente de citocinas principalmente del tipo TH1 y se forman focos celulares similares a granulomas. Dentro de este escenario los mecanismos efectores más importantes parecen ser la actividad antitumoral directa de los interferones y la actividad citotóxicas de las células NK. El tratamiento actual consiste en la administración intravesical del bacilo en una primera fase de inducción de seis semanas y posteriormente dosis de mantenimiento cada tres meses hasta los 36 meses. La mayoría de los pacientes presentan efectos adversos locales secundarios a la reacción inflamatoria y en un porcentaje muy pequeño se presentan complicaciones mayores como prostatitis y orquiepididimitis granulomatosa. De entre todas estas neoplasias sólo en el cáncer superficial de vejiga se han demostrado resultados satisfactorios con el empleo del BCG.

Necrotising prostatic granulomas following transurethral resection--a case report.

Necrotising post surgical granulomatous prostatitis following transurethral resection of the prostate is a poorly recognized entity. It is often mistaken for other conditions like tuberculosis, allergic granulomatous prostatitis, etc. This case is being reported in order to increase the awareness of this condition. The relevant literature has also been reviewed.

Aspectos microbiológicos de la prostatitis crónica / Microbiological aspect of the chronic prostatitis

En 46 de 216 (21,3%) de pacientes con prostatitis crónica y en 5 de 163 (3.1%) individuos del grupo control, se aislaron microorganismos potencialmente patogénos de las vías uro-genitales (P<5%). Corynebacterium JK fue el organismo más frecuente (12.9%) seguido de E. coli (10.2%), Mycobacterias atípicas (9.7%), C. trachomatis (8.8%), U. urealyticum (6.5%), T. vaginalis (3.7%), M. hominis (3.2%), P. mirabilis (2.8%), Enterobacter sp (0.9%), S. faecalis (0.9%) y C. albicans (0.9%). Se dicutieron aspectos etiopatogénicos y terapéuticos de la prostatitis crónica.

Tratamiento de la prostatitis crónica con Kelfiprin / Chronic prostatitis treatment with Kelfiprin.

Se presenta una serie de 18 prostatitis bacterianas y 21 prostatitis no bacterianas tratadas durante 30 dias con Kelfiprin (R). Se reportan resultados exelentes o buenos en el 94% de las prostatitis bacterianas y en el 29% de las no bacterianas