Chinese Medical Association guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer (2023 edition) / 中华肿瘤杂志

To standardize the prevention and clinical management of lung cancer, improve patients' survival outcomes, and offer professional insight for clinicians, the Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association has summoned experts from departments of pulmonary medicine, oncology, thoracic surgery, radiotherapy, imaging, and pathology to formulate the Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in China (2023 edition) through consensus meetings. Updates in this edition include 1) cancer screening: deletion of high-risk traits of lung cancer based on epidemiological investigations in the Caucasian population, while preserving features confirmed by research on the Chinese population. Advice on screening institutions is also added to raise awareness of the merits and demerits of lung cancer screening through detailed illustrations. 2) Principles of histopathologic evaluation: characteristics of four types of neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma) are reviewed. 3) Surgical intervention: more options of resection are available for certain peripheral lesions based on several clinical studies (CALGB140503, JCOG0802, JCOG1211). 4) neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy: marked improvement in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy are reviewed; more options for consolidation immunotherapy after radiochemotherapy have also emerged. 5) Targeted and immune therapy: tyrosine kinase inhibitors of sensitive driver mutations such as EGFR and ALK as well as rare targets such as MET exon 14 skipping, RET fusion, ROS1 fusion, and NTRK fusion have been approved, offering more treatment options for clinicians and patients. Furthermore, multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors have been granted for the treatment of NSCLC and SCLC, resulting in prolonged survival of late-stage lung cancer patients. This guideline is established based on the current availability of domestically approved medications, recommendations of international guidelines, and present clinical practice in China as well as integration of the latest medical evidence of pathology, genetic testing, immune molecular biomarker detection, and treatment methods of lung cancer in recent years, to provide recommendations for professionals in clinical oncology, radiology, laboratory, and rehabilitation.

Solitary pancreatic renal cell carcinoma metastasis

Pancreatic metastases are rare; they account for only 2% of all pancreatic malignancies and usually occur when associated with a disseminated metastatic disease. Solitary pancreatic metastases are even less frequent, and there are few reports regarding surgical resection. We report the case of a 77-year-old female patient diagnosed with a single cephalo-pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma, 16 years after a total nephrectomy. The patient underwent successful pancreaticoduodenectomy, and the diagnosis was confirmed. A subsequent positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed disease relapse, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment with sunitinib was initiated. After 1 year and 4 months, the PET-computed tomography scan showed a complete radiologic response.

Informe de evaluación científica basada en la evidencia disponible: fibrosis pulmonar idiopática / Scientific evaluation report based on available evidence: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica de origen desconocido que afecta al intersticio pulmonar de manera progresiva. Es una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico que requiere la consulta de neumología, histopatología, y un radiólogo para llegar a consenso en el diagnóstico. La mayoría de la gente con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática experimenta síntomas tales como disnea, y tos, con o sin esputo. Con el tiempo, estos síntomas se asocian con una declinación en la función pulmonar, reducción de la calidad de vida, y últimamente la muerte. Este informe evalúa el uso de pirfenidona y nintedanib en pacientes adultos con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática. TECNOLOGÍAS SANITARIAS EVALUADAS: Nintedanib y Pirfenidona. EFICACIA DE LOS TRATAMIENTOS: Se utilizaron 7 revisiones sistemáticas, que muestran el resultado de 7 Ensayos Controlados Aleatorizados (ECAs) para nintedanib, y 13 revisiones sistemáticas, que muestran el resultado de 7 ECAs para pirfenidona. Nintedanib podría reducir la mortalidad en la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática, además de que probablemente disminuya el riesgo de exacerbaciones agudas, y probablemente no se asocia a eventos adversos serios. La pirfenidona disminuye la mortalidad y la progresión de la enfermedad. Además podría reducir el riesgo de exacerbaciones agudas, mientras que tiene efectos adversos gastrointestinales frecuentes, aunque no severos. Por último, el tratamiento con pirfenidona conlleva efectos adversos cutáneos frecuentes, aunque no severos. ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO: La evidencia encontrada tiende a señalar que ninguno de los dos tratamientos sería costo efectivo en comparación con mejor tratamiento disponible (BestSupportiveCare). A pesar de esto, se observa que estos medicamentos han obtenido una recomendación favorable por parte de las agencias internacionales, bajo la condición de que se efectúe bajo un acuerdo de riesgo compartido en que se disminuya el precio del medicamento, o se acuerde un tope máximo de gasto total por parte del sistema público de salud que, si superara, el proveedor reembolsaría el costo. También se establecen ciertos criterios clínicos sobre la severidad y estabilidad de la enfermedad para ser elegible al tratamiento, y su posible continuación/discontinuación. El impacto presupuestario estimado para el año 2018 fue de MM $23.874 y de MM $2.758 MM para nintedanib y pirfenidona, respectivamente, si se considera que el 100% de los pacientes se tratarán con Nintedanib o Pirfenidona. CONCLUSIÓN: Para dar cumplimiento al artículo 28° del Reglamento que establece el proceso destinado a determinar los diagnósticos y tratamientos de alto costo con Sistema de Protección Financiera, según lo establecido en los artículos 7°y 8° de la ley N°20.850, aprobado por el decreto N°13 del Ministerio de Salud, se concluye que el presente informe de evaluación se considera favorable, de acuerdo a lo establecido en el Título III. De las Evaluaciones Favorables de la Norma Técnica N° 0192 de este mismo ministerio.

Chronic myeloid leukemia: an overview of the determinants of effectiveness and therapeutic response in the first decade of treatment with imatinib mesylate in a Brazilian hospital

Background: In the last decade, there has been a revolution in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment with the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with imatinib mesylate becoming the frontline therapy. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of imatinib mesylate in treating chronic myeloid leukemia patients and to identify factors related to therapeutic efficacy. Methods: This retrospective study was based on information obtained from patients'records in the Hematology Service of Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio of the Universidade Federal do Ceará (HUWC / UFC). All patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia that took imatinib mesylate for a minimum of 12 months in the period from January 2001 to January 2011 were included. From a population of 160 patients, 100 were eligible for analysis. Results: The study population consisted of 100 patients who were mostly male (51%) with ages rangingbetween 21 and 40 years (42%), from the countryside (59%), in the chronic phase (95%), with high-riskprognostic factors (40%); the prognosis of high risk was not associated with complete hematologic responseor complete cytogenetic response, but correlated to complete molecular response or major molecularresponse. Reticulin condensation was associated with complete hematologic response and completecytogenetic response. It was found that 53% of patients had greater than 90% adherence to treatment. Thehigh adherence was correlated to attaining complete cytogenetic response in less than 12 months. Moreover,20% of patients had good response. Conclusion: Significant changes are indispensable in the monitoring of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Thus, the multidisciplinary team is important as it provides access to the full treatment and not just to medications. .

Probable asociación de los inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa con la persistencia de clones aberrantes con cromosoma Filadelfia negativo / Probable association of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with aberrant clones persistent Philadelphia chromosome negative

Paciente de 43 años diagnosticado con leucemia mieloide crónica en 1998, que fue tratado de forma inicial con interferón alfa. En la terapia posterior adquirió múltiples cambios citogenéticos clonales en células del cromosoma Filadelfia negativas, por lo que se describe el efecto de los inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa de segunda generación sobre esos clones celulares.

Biological therapy for pediatric malignancy: current perspectives.

Biologicals are defined as agents that are either uniquely or partially tumor-specific. Great expectations were raised by the success in agents that target a specific genetic translocation: all-trans retinoic acid, targeting the chronic myeloid leukemia retinoic acid receptor in acute promyelocytic leukemia and imatinib, a small molecule targeting the BCR-ABL translocation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Thus far, the search for similar "druggable" genetic targets in pediatric cancers has not yet resulted in such dramatic results. The rarity of pediatric cancer as well as ethical considerations necessitate that the agents for testing be carefully and rigorously selected. Biologicals present an additional challenge, as they often do not lend themselves to in vitro testing. Early approaches to specific targeting of solid tumors utilized monoclonal antibodies. The microenvironment provides an interesting new biological approach to treating tumors and alteration of the host immune response provides another avenue. Biological agents are a step forward in supportive care to reduce the hematological toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy and to manage the frequent infectious complications.

Tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST), un particular tipo de neoplasia / Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an update

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIS) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that express CD 117 molecule in their sur face. They may behave as benign tumors or be highly aggressive. A better survival of patients with these tumors has been achieved using the new molecular therapies such as imatinib mesylate, sunitinib and others. This review analyzes the prognostic factors of these tumors, their clinical features and the criteria for malignant behavior. The value of therapeutic alternatives such as radiotherapy chemotherapy and the new molecular therapies are also discussed.

New perspectives on the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer

Even though differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a slow growing and usually curable disease, recurrence occurs in 20-40 percent and cellular dedifferentiation in up to 5 percent of cases. Conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy have just a modest effect on advanced thyroid cancer. Therefore, dedifferentiated thyroid cancer represents a therapeutic dilemma and a critical area of research. Targeted therapy, a new generation of anticancer treatment, is planned to interfere with a specific molecular target, typically a protein that is believed to have a critical role in tumor growth or progression. Since many of the tumor-initiation events have already been identified in thyroid carcinogenesis, targeted therapy is a promising therapeutic tool for advanced thyroid cancer. Several new drugs are currently being tested in in vitro and in vivo studies and some of them are already being used in clinical trials, like small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the bases of targeted therapies, the principal drugs already tested and also options of redifferentiation therapy for thyroid carcinoma.

Apesar de o carcinoma diferenciado da tireóide ser considerado uma doença de curso indolente e geralmente curável, recorrência tumoral ocorre em aproximadamente 20 a 40 por cento e desdiferenciação celular, em até 5 por cento dos casos. A quimioterapia convencional e a radioterapia apresentam apenas um modesto efeito sobre o câncer de tireóide avançado. Dessa forma, o carcinoma da tireóide desdiferenciado representa um dilema terapêutico e uma importante área de pesquisa. A terapia direcionada, uma nova geração de tratamento para o câncer, tem como objetivo interferir com um alvo molecular específico, geralmente uma proteína considerada fundamental para o crescimento e progressão tumoral. Como muitos eventos iniciadores do processo de carcinogênese tireoideana já foram identificados, a terapia direcionada representa uma promissora opção terapêutica para o carcinoma da tireóide avançado. Várias drogas novas estão em estudos in vitro e in vivo e algumas já estão sendo testadas em estudos clínicos, como as pequenas moléculas inibidoras de tirosina cinase. Nesta revisão, as bases moleculares da terapia direcionada, as principais drogas utilizadas e as opções terapêuticas de rediferenciação do carcinoma da tireóide serão discutidas.

Tumor do estroma gastrintestinal: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report and review of the literature

Tumores do estroma gastrintestinal são as neoplasias mesenquimais mais comuns do trato gastrintestinal e são caracterizados pela expressão do KIT (CD117), um receptor do fator de crescimento da tirosinoquinase. Acometem indivíduos acima de 50 anos de idade, tendo como principaissítios primários o estômago e o intestino delgado. Destaca-se a importância deste trabalho por apresentar um caso de tumor do estroma gastrintestinal com manifestações típicas, tanto nosaspectos de imagem da lesão primária e das metástases quanto pelo achados anatomopatológicos.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors and are characterized by expression of KIT (CD117), a tyrosine-kinase growth factor receptor. They occur in individualsover 50 years of age and commonly arise in stomach or in the small intestine. To emphasize our paper we report a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor that showed the typical image and pathologic findings of the primary lesion and its metastases.

Imatinib melhora a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com LMC na fase acelerada: Acompanhamento de 48 meses / Imatinib improves survival of CML patients in accelerated phase: a 48-month follow-up

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a evolução clínica de pacientes com leucemia mielóide crônica submetidos a tratamento com imatinib após 48meses do início do tratamento em um estudo realizado no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Métodos: A evolução da doença e a resposta ao tratamento dos 66 pacientes que ingressaram noestudo expandido com imatinib foram avaliadas pela monitoração das respostas hematológicas e citogenéticas. Destes pacientes,28 (42,42%) estavam em fase crônica, 23 (38,85%) em fase acelerada e 15 (22,75%) em crise blástica. Os pacientes foram contatados 24 meses após o término do estudo e questionadosquanto ao uso da medicação, sintomas relacionados à toxicidade e resultados dos últimos exames hematológicos e citogenéticos. Trinta e seis meses após o início do tratamento, 41 (62,12%) pacientes estavam vivos (25 do grupo de fase crônica, 15 do grupo fase acelerada e 1 do grupo crise blástica). Trinta e sete destes puderam ser contatados 37 a 48 meses após o iníciodo tratamento. Um deles desistiu da medicação, 21 pertenciam ao grupo fase crônica, 14 ao grupo fase acelerada e um ao grupo da crise blástica. Conclusão: O seguimento dos pacientessubmetidos ao tratamento com imatinib mostrou melhora na taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes com leucemia mielóide crônica, particularmente no grupo fase acelerada, em que se observou boa resposta hematológica e citogenética em mais de 65% dos casos, após 4 anos da aceleração da doença.