In vitro evaluation of ivermectin, moxidectin, albendazole and pyrantel against cyathostomins of horses / Avaliação in vitro da ivermectina, moxidectina, albendazole e pirantel contra ciatostomíneos de equinos

Abstract Cyathostomins are the most prevalent nematodes of horses, and multidrug resistance has been reported worldwide. There is a need to implement alternative drug monitoring analytical tests. The objective of this study was to determine the consistency (5 repetitions) of the larval migration on agar test (LMAT) using ivermectin, moxidectin, pyrantel or albendazole against cyathostomin infective-stage larvae in eight different concentrations. LMAT showed a strong coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.91), between the test repetitions (n=5). The average 50% effective concentration (EC50) for ivermectin, moxidectin, pyrantel and albendazole were 0.0404, 0.0558, 0.0864 and 0.0988 nMol, respectively. The results of the EC50 for albendazole showed the greatest range of concentration. Ivermectin and moxidectin had the lowest in between-test variation. In the future, internationally certified susceptible isolates could be used for screening new drug candidates, or to follow up the pattern of drug efficacy from field populations.

Resumo Ciatostomíneos são os nematodas mais prevalentes em equinos e a resistência múltipla foi relatada em todo o mundo. Existe a necessidade de implementar o monitoramento dos produtos com testes analíticos alternativos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a consistência (5 repetições) do teste de migração larval em ágar (TMLA) usando ivermectina, moxidectina, pirantel e albendazole contra larvas infectantes de ciatostomíneos em oito concentrações diferentes. O TMLA demonstrou um coeficiente de determinação (R2) acima de 0,91 entre as repetições do teste. A concentração efetiva para 50% (CE50) para ivermectina, moxidectina, pirantel e albendazole foi de 0,0404; 0,0558; 0,0864 e 0,0988 nMol, respectivamente. A CE50 do albendazole demonstrou a maior amplitude entre os testes. A ivermectina e a moxidectina tiveram as menores variações das doses entre as repetições. No futuro, isolados certificados susceptíveis poderão ser testados com o TMLA para indicação de novos produtos e mesmo para acompanhar o perfil de eficácia de populações do campo.

Studies on the anti-parasitic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound against Dirofilaria immitis in dogs / 대한수의학회지

Dirofilaria (D.) immitis is an important canine parasitic nematode in dogs. D. immitis parasitizes the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of dogs. An ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound (IPPC) was administered to dogs naturally infected with this parasite. IPPC is composed of 68.0, 136.0 and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0, 114.0 and 227.0 mg pyrantel pamoate for small, middle, and large animals. Ivermectin has activity against nematodes and ectoparasites in dogs. Pyrantel pamoate is also effective against nematodes in dogs. Our results showed that this drug combination has good efficacy in D. immitis infected dogs.

The anti-parasitic efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound against canine Toxocara canis and Trichuris vulpis / 대한수의학회지

Toxocara (T.) canis and Trichuris (T.) vulpis are very important canine parasitic nematodes. T. canis parasitize in small intestine and T. vulpis parasitize in large intestine. In order to control of these nematodes, ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound was applied to the dogs infected with these parasites naturally and artificially. This drug was composed of 68.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for small animal, 136.0 microg of ivermectin and 114.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for middle animal, and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 227.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for large animal. Ivermectin in this drug is activity to nematodes and ectoparisites. Pyrantel pamoate in this drug is also activity to nematodes. In this experiment, this drug had a good efficacy against T. canis and T. vulpis in the infected dogs.

Resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep to some anthelmintics

The occurrence of resistance to three of commonly used anthelmintics, Pyrantel tartrate [Banminth], Albendazole 2.5% [Valbazen] and Duramectin 1% [Dectomax] was studied in locally bred sheep in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, by means of faecal egg count reduction test [FECRT]. The faecal egg count reduction test showed that Pyrantel tartrate and Albendazole were less than 95% effective, 77% and 89% FECR% value respectively [i.e.: presence of resistance] while Duramectin showed full efficacy, 100% FECR% value. Culture of faecal samples before and after treatment in groups was done to interpret the anthelmintic resistance of individual nematode species. Where Ostertagia circumcincta and Bunostomum trigonocephalum were susceptible to Pyrantel tartrate and Albendazole [100% FECR for each] but Nematodirus battus and Homonchus contortus have developed varying degrees of resistance for both drugs [56.3%, 48.2% and 88%, 70% respectively]. Meanwhile, all nematode species were susceptible to Duramectin

Atualizaçäo em anti-helmínticos para cavalos / Bringing up to date anthelmintics for horses

Neste trabalho säo discutidos os fatores positivos e negativos dos modernos anti-helmínticos. Muitas säo as escolhas com que os veterinários se defrontam em relaçäo aos anti-helmínticos e programas de vermifugaçäo, e uma vez feita a escolha, näo há garantias de que a droga ou programa de controle vá permanecer indefinidamente eficiente. O autor faz consideraçöes sobre os benzimidazóis, o ivermectin e o pirantel, tecendo alguns comentários sobre a rotaçäo rápida e lenta de vermífugos para eqüinos

Single dose therapy of ascariasis--a randomized comparison of mebendazole and pyrantel.

A multicentre, randomized trial was carried out to compare the efficacy of two single-dose treatments for ascariasis: mebendazole 200 mg, and pyrantel 10 mg/kg. Each centre enrolled 200 patients with a suspected diagnosis of ascariasis, 100 for each treatment, and the treatments were randomized for each centre. To confirm the diagnosis, stools were examined for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides by Kato's thick smear method. Efficacy was evaluated by stool examination repeated three weeks after treatment by a "blind" technician using two methods, viz. Kato's thick smear method and the zinc sulfate flotation method. Cure was defined as absence of ascaris eggs in the stools by both methods. Of the 600 enrolled patients, 32 were excluded from analysis as their initial stool examination was negative, and 568 completed the trial: 284 on each treatment. The cure rate was 80 per cent in the mebendazole group and 90 per cent in the pyrantel group (P less than 0.01). Thus pyrantel was found to be significantly more efficacious than mebendazole for single-dose treatment of ascariasis.

Periodic deworming with pyrantel in an industrial township.

Between June 1986 and September 1987 a population of 100 families was dewormed every 3 months (quarter) by using a single dose of pyrantel. Stool samples were examined by Kato's thick smear method; height (m), weight (kg), hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) and clinical morbidity were recorded before each deworming treatment. Clinical morbidity was recorded in another 100 control families who did not receive anthelmlntics. There were 477 and 490 individuals in the study and the control families respectively. In the study group the prevalence of roundworm was reduced from 10.3% to to 0% and that of hookworm infection was reduced from 2.9% to 0% after 2 quarters. At the end of the 4th quarter the mean hemoglobin rose by 0.1 g/dl (P less than 0.01) and the mean BMI increased by 0.37 (P less than 0.01). There was a significant reduction in the clinical morbidity in the study group compared with the control group (P less than 0.05). There were no side effects reported to pyrantel treatment. Thus quarterly treatment with pyrantel was found to be effective in keeping roundworm and hookworm prevalence at 0% in an industrial township.

Estudio comparativo de flubendazol, oxantel-pirantel, albendazol y mebendazol en el tratamiento de helmintos transmitidos por el suelo / Comparative study of flubendazol, oxantel-pirantel, albendazol and mebendazol in treatment of helminths transmited by the soil

Se trataron 141 personas que tenian infeccion por Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura o Necator americanus. Las drogas empleadas fueron: Flubendazol, con tres dosificaciones: 500 mg dosis unica; 300 mg/dia por 2 dias; y 200 mg/dia por 3 dias. Oxantel-Pirantel, 400 mg de cada una en dosis unica o 600 mg de cada una, tambien en dosis unica. Mebendazol con tres dosificaciones: 500 mg dosis unica; 300 mg/dia por 2 dias; y 200 mg/dia por tres dias. Los resultados indican que todas las drogas empleadas tuvieron una efectividad para el tratamiento de la ascariasis con una curacion entre el 84.6 y el 100% y un porcentaje de reduccion del 88.5 al 100%. El flubendazol a la dosis de 300 mg/dia por 2 dias fue la droga mas efectiva para la tricocefalosis y la uncinariasis, curacion y reduccion de huevos del 100% para ambas. Todas las drogas fueron bien toleradas y casi no se observaron efectos secundarios. Si se requeire una droga para tratamientos en masa con dosis unica, se debe seleccionar el flubendazol, a la dosis de 500 mg; con ella se cubren los tres helmintos con una alta efectividad.

Dosis única antihelmíntica: estudio comparativo con dosis única, entre oxantel/pirantel y albendazol en ascariasis, tricocefalosis y uncinarias / Single antihelminthic dosage: comparative study with single doses between oxantel/pirantel and albendazole in ascariasis, trichocephaliasis and uncinarias

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio comparativo entre el oxantel-pirantel y el albendazol, en un grupo de 60 años parasitados por alguno de los siguientes helmintos transmitidos por el suelo: áscaris, tricocéfalos y uncinarias. Los medicamentos fueron administrados en dosis única: el oxantel-pirantel a razón de 20 miligramos-/kilogramo de peso, y el albendazol en dosis total de 400 milígramos. Se observaron excelentes resultados con ambos medicamentos en el tratamiento de la ascariasis. En la curación parasitológica de la uncinariasis el oxantel-pirantel exhibió superioridad (85.7%) de los casos tratados) sobre el albendazol (66.7% de los casos tratados); y, en lo que respecta a la reducción en el número de huevecillos, ambas drogas demostraron ser de utilidad. En las tricocefalosis de grados, I, II y III la curación obtenida con oxantel-pirantel fué superior. En relación a la disminución de huevecillos en las heces, existió una ligera superioridad por parte del oxantel-pirantel. En el grado IV de tricocefalosis, el efecto terapéutico de ambos medicamentos mostró muy poca utilidad cuando son suministrados en dosis única. Se propone una escala de los grados de parasitosis para ser utilizada en la evaluación de drogas antihelmínticas

Estudio comparativo con dosis única entre Oxantel/Pirantel y Albenzol en Ascariasis, tricocefalosis y uncinarias en niños

Se presenta los resultados de un estudio comparativo entre el oxante/pirantel y el albendazol, en un grupo de 60 niños parasitados por alguno de los siguientes helmintos transmitidos por el suelo: áscaris, tricocéfalos y uncinarias. Los medicamentos fueron administrados en dosis única: el oxantel/pirantel a razón de 20 miligramos/Kilogramo de peso, y el albendazol en dosis total de 400 miligramos. Se observaron excelentes resultados con ambos medicamentos en el tratamiento de las ascariasis. En la curación parasitológica de la uncinariasis el oxantel/pirantel exhibió superioridad (85.7% de los casos tratados) sobre el albendazol (66.7% de los casos tratados); y en lo que respecta a la reducción en el número de huevecillos, ambas drogas demostraron ser de utilidad. En las tricocefalosis de grados I, II y III la curación obtenida con oxante/pirantel fue superior. En relación a la disminución de huevecillos en las heces, existió una ligera superioridad por parte del oxante/pirantel. En el grado IV de tricocefalosis, el efecto terapéutico de ambos medicamentos mostró muy poca utilidad cuando son suministrados en dosis única. Se propone una escala de los grados de parasitosis para ser utilizada en la evaluación de drogas antihelmínticas

Incidence of helminthic infections and comparative study of pyrantel pamoate with levamisole and mebendazole in hospital patients at Barisal, Bangladesh.

A study was carried out to find out the incidence of helminthic infections in hospitalized patients at Sher-e-Bangla Medical College, Barisal and to determine the comparative efficacy of pyrantel pamoate, levamisole, and mebendazole. It was observed that 76.2 per cent of total hospitalized patients were infected with intestinal helminths. Polyparasitism (52.6 per cent) was more frequent than single infection (21.8 per cent). Amongst these, 47.5 per cent was suffering from Asearis lumbricoides (AL), 42.5 per cent from Hookworm (H.W) and 65.8 per cent from trichuris trichura (TT). Out of 255 cases examined separately, 40 per cent was suffering from Enterobious vermicularis (EV) infection. The comparative study showed that mebendazole produced egg negative stool in 90.9 per cent of AL, 95.6 per cent of HW and 86.8 per cent of TT after eight days of treatment. On the other hand, pyrantel pamoate cured AL in 93.3 per cent, HW in 78.5 per cent and TT in 34.2 per cent eases. Levamisole cured 75 per cent AL, 4.1 per cent H.W. and 22.2 per cent TT within the same period.

Epidemiological study and comparison of pyrantel and levamisole in the treatment of roundworm and hookworm infestations.

Stool examined for presence of nematodes from 467 school students in Dacca city showed 48% ova positive cases with 22% among them cases of mixed nematode infection. Highest prevalence of 58% was observed with roundworm and 5% was hookworm infestations. Among hookworm cases, Necator americana (68%) appears to be the predominant species. Two anthelmintics-pyrantel and levamisole achieved similar high cure rate (around 97%) and Egg reduction rate of 99% in roundworm infection. However, pyrantel was observed to be more effective in hookworm infestation (87% against 60%) particularly in Necator americana cases.