Incidence of condylar resorption after bimaxillary, Lefort I, and mandibular surgery: an overview

Abstract The aim of the present overview was to evaluate the outcomes of systematic reviews to determine the incidence of condylar resorption in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery and analyze whether the risk of developing this condition is related to a specific type of surgery. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases for systematic reviews with quantitative data on condylar resorption due to any type of orthognathic surgery for dentoskeletal deformities published up to May 25, 2019. The AMSTAR 2 and Glenny tools were applied for the quality appraisal. Five systematic reviews were included for analysis. Only one article was considered to have high quality. Among a total of 5128 patients, 12.32% developed condylar resorption. From those patients, 70.1% had double jaw surgery, 23.4% had mandibular surgery alone, and in 6.5% a Lefort I technique was used. Based on these findings, bimaxillary surgery could be considered a risk factor for condylar resorption. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, since other factors, such as pre-operative skeletal deformities, type of movement, and type of fixation, can contribute to the development of this condition. Further studies should consider reporting main cephalometric data, temporomandibular diagnosis, hormonal levels, and tomographic measures before and after the surgery at least every 6 months during the firsts two years to identify accurately risk factors for condylar resorption.

High-fat diet augments ovariectomy-induced bone resorption in rats / Dieta rica en grasas aumenta la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía en ratas

Menopause complications such as cardiovascular and bone diseases represent a major public health concern. We sought to determine whether a high-fat diet (HFD) can augment ovariectomy-induced bone resorption in a rat model of menopause possibly via the upregulation of the inflammatory biomarkers and dyslipidemia. Rats were either ovariectomized and fed a standard laboratory chow (model group) or were ovariectomized and fed with a HFD for 15 weeks before being sacrificed. Ovariectomy significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and biomarker of bone resorption, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), which were augmented by feeding animals with a HFD. This was confirmed through immunohistochemical study, where ovariectomy induced expression of p65/NF-kB protein in tibia bone sections of the model group, which were augmented by HFD. HFD augments ovariectomy-induced bone resorption through increased inflammatory biomarkers and NF-kB in rats.

Las complicaciones de la menopausia, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y óseas, representan un importante problema de salud pública. Intentamos determinar si una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) puede aumentar la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía en un modelo de menopausia en ratas, a través de la regulación positiva de los biomarcadores inflamatorios y la dislipidemia. Las ratas fueron ovariectomizadas y alimentadas con una comida estándar de laboratorio (grupo modelo) o fueron ovariectomizadas y alimentadas con un HFD durante 15 semanas antes de ser sacrificadas. La ovariectomía aumentó significativamente (p <0,05) el peso corporal, dislipidemia, resistencia a la insulina, citocinas proinflamatorias, factor de necrosis tumoral a (TNF-α) e interleucina-6 (IL-6), y el biomarcador de resorción ósea, factor nuclear-kB (NF-kB), que se aumentaron alimentando animales con un HFD. Esto se confirmó a través del estudio inmunohistoquímico, donde la ovariectomía indujo la expresión de la proteína p65 / NF-kB en secciones de hueso de tibia del grupo modelo, que fueron aumentadas por HFD. HFD aumenta la resorción ósea inducida por ovariectomía a través del aumento de biomarcadores inflamatorios y NF-kB en ratas.

Osteonecrosis por bifosfonatos: presentación de un caso clínico / Osteonecrosis of the jaws: report of a clinical case

La osteonecrosis de los maxilares asociada a bifosfonatosfuedefinida como «Área de hueso expuesto en la región máxilo facial que permanece expuesta al menos por 8 semanas, siempre que los pacientes hayan sido prescriptos con bifosfonatos, y en ausencia de terapia radiante¼. (1) En la actualidad se agregó "hueso expuesto o hueso que se puede sondear a través de una fistula intra o extra oral" (2). Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente femenina de 70 años de edad, diagnosticada con cáncer de hueso (osteosarcoma) con foco en la pelvis, historia de consumo de bifosfonatosvía endovenosa durante tres años, zolendronato 70mg, semanalmente. Al momento de la consulta, se encontraba en periodo de remisión de la enfermedad de base y sin consumo de medicación antiresortiva desde hace un año (AU)

Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with bisphosphonates was defined as «Area of exposed bone in the maxillofacial region that remains exposed for at least 8 weeks, provided that patients have been prescribed with bisphosphonates, and in the absence of radiant therapy¼. (1) At present, "exposed bone or bone that can be probed through an intra or extra oral fistula" was added (2). We present a clinical case of a 70-year-old female patient, diagnosed with bone cancer (osteosarcoma) with a focus on the pelvis, history of consumption of bisphosphonates intravenously for three years, zolendronate 70 mg, weekly. At the time of the consultation, he was in the period of remission of the underlying disease and without consumption of antiresortive medication for a year (AU)

Does traumatic occlusal forces lead to peri-implant bone loss? A systematic review

Abstract Observational studies have indicated that crestal bone level changes at implants are typically associated with clinical signs of inflammation, but still mechanical overload has been described as possible factor leading to hard-tissue deficiencies at implant sites without mucosal inflammation. The aim of this paper was systematically review the literature regarding the possible effect of traumatic occlusal forces on the peri-implant bone levels. Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs, including the following terms: oral OR dental AND implant$ AND (load OR overload OR excessive load OR force$ OR bruxism) AND (bone loss OR bone resorption OR implant failure$). Databases were searched for the past 10 years of publications, including: clinical human studies, either randomized or not, cohort studies, case control studies, case series and animal research. Exclusion criteria were review articles, guidelines and in vitro and in silico (finite element analysis) research, as well as retrospective studies. The PICO questions formulated was: "does traumatic occlusal forces lead to peri-implant bone loss?" The database searches as well as additional hand searching, resulted in 807 potentially relevant titles. After inclusion/exclusion criteria assessment 2 clinical and 4 animal studies were considered relevant to the topic. The included animal studies did not reveal an association between overload and peri-implant bone loss when lower overloads were applied, whereas in the presence of excessive overload it seemed to generate peri-implant bone loss, even in the absence of inflammation. The effect of traumatic occlusal forces in peri-implant bone loss is poorly reported and provides little evidence to support a cause-and-effect relationship in humans, considering the strength of a clinically relevant traumatic occlusal force.

Efectos óseos de la cirugía bariátrica / Effects of bariatric surgery on bone

La cirugía bariátrica es un recurso terapéutico cuyo uso para el manejo de la obesidad mórbida crece rápidamente. La intervención induce varios cambios en el perfil hormono-metabólico de los pacientes: disminuye la absorción de calcio, caen los niveles de vitamina D, se produce un hiperparatiroidismo secundario que acelera el recambio óseo, aumentan algunas citoquinas como la adiponectina, el GLP-1 y la esclerostina, y disminuyen otras como la leptina, la ghrelina, el GIP y la amilina. El estradiol cae por disminución de la aromatización periférica de la testosterona. Hay disminución de la carga mecánica en el esqueleto, especialmente en los miembros inferiores. Todo esto lleva a pérdida de la masa ósea, que es variable y más marcada en el fémur proximal que en la columna. El riesgo de fractura aumenta, aunque no todas las series lo han demostrado. Los pacientes con marcada disminución del peso corporal poscirugía deberían ser controlados, procurandoun buen aporte de calcio y otros nutrientes, la suplementación con vitamina D y el monitoreo de la densitometría ósea. (AU)

Bariatric surgery is a therapeutic resource for the management of morbid obesity; its use is growing rapidly. The intervention induces several changes in the hormonal and metabolic profile of patients: decreased calcium absorption, falling levels of vitamin D, secondary hyperparathyroidism which accelerates bone turnover; increased level of some cytokines such as adiponectin, GLP-1 and sclerostin, and decreased levels of others such as leptin, ghrelin, GIP and amylin. Estradiol falls due to decreased peripheral aromatization of testosterone. There is a decrease in the mechanical load on the skeleton, especially in the lower limbs. All this leads to loss of bone mass, which is variable and more marked in the proximal femur than in the spine. The risk of fracture increases, although it has not been shown in all series. Patients with marked decrease in body weight after bariatric surgery should be controlled carefully to insure a good supply of calcium and other nutrients, vitamin D supplementation, and the monitoring of bone mineral density. (AU)

The influence of mandibular ridge anatomy on treatment outcome with conventional complete dentures

Since prognostic indicators are likely to take on increasingimportance as a diagnostic tool for selection of patients forimplant provision, this study investigated the influence of theshape and resiliency of the mandibular alveolar ridge on theretention and stability of conventional complete dentures. Ninety-three edentulous patients wearing both maxillary andmandibular conventional complete dentures composed the sample.Data were collected regarding shape and resiliencyof themandibular residual ridge. Dentures were assessed for retentionand stability using an objective and reproducible tool.The associationsbetween the clinical characteristics of the mandibularalveolar ridge and denture retention and stability were analyzedusing chi-square and Fisher exact tests (α = 0.05). A significantassociation between ridge shape and denture stability (p < 0.05)was found, while ridge resiliency was significantly associated todenture retention (p < 0.001). Based on the results, mandibularridge shape and resiliency influenced the retention and stabilityof conventional complete dentures...

Bone disease after transplantation: osteoporosis and fractures risk / Doença óssea pós-transplante: risco de osteoporose e fraturas

Organ transplantation is the gold standard therapy for several end-stage diseases. Bone loss is a common complication that occurs in transplant recipients. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are serious complication, mainly in the first year post transplantation. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of bone disease following organ transplantation. This review address the mechanisms of bone loss including the contribution of the immunosuppressive agents as well as the specific features to bone loss after kidney, lung, liver, cardiac and bone marrow transplantation. Prevention and management of bone loss in the transplant recipient should be included in their post transplant follow-up in order to prevent fractures.

Transplantes de órgão é terapia padrão-ouro para várias doenças em estágio terminal. Perda óssea é uma complicação comum que ocorre em pacientes transplantados. Osteoporose e fraturas por fragilidade são complicações sérias, principalmente no primeiro ano pós-transplante. Muitos fatores podem contribuir para patogênese da doença óssea nesses pacientes. Esta revisão aborda os mecanismos de perda óssea incluindo o papel dos agentes imunossupressores, bem como os fatores específicos da perda óssea após rim, pulmão, fígado, coração e transplante de medula óssea. A prevenção e o tratamento da perda óssea nos pacientes transplantados devem ser realizados para evitar fraturas.

TMJ response to mandibular advancement surgery: an overview of risk factors

Objective: In order to understand the conflicting information on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathophysiologic responses after mandibular advancement surgery, an overview of the literature was proposed with a focus on certain risk factors. Methods: A literature search was carried out in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in the period from January 1980 through March 2013. Various combinations of keywords related to TMJ changes [disc displacement, arthralgia, condylar resorption (CR)] and aspects of surgical intervention (fixation technique, amount of advancement) were used. A hand search of these papers was also carried out to identify additional articles. Results: A total of 148 articles were considered for this overview and, although methodological troubles were common, this review identified relevant findings which the practitioner can take into consideration during treatment planning: 1- Surgery was unable to influence TMJ with preexisting displaced disc and crepitus; 2- Clicking and arthralgia were not predictable after surgery, although there was greater likelihood of improvement rather than deterioration; 3- The amount of mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation, and the rigidity of the fixation technique seemed to influence TMJ position and health; 4- The risk of CR increased, especially in identified high-risk cases. Conclusions: Young adult females with mandibular retrognathism and increased mandibular plane angle are susceptible to painful TMJ, and are subject to less improvement after surgery and prone to CR. Furthermore, thorough evidenced-based studies are required to understand the response of the TMJ after mandibular advancement surgery. .

Estudio de reabsorción ósea periimplantar enpacientes post-tratamiento, cinco años después / Study of peri-implant bone resorption in patients, five years after treatment

Objetivo: observar la reabsorción ósea periimplantar en pacientes con cinco o más años transcurridos desde el tratamiento, por comparación radiográfica post-operatoria inmediata y mediata. Materiales y métodos: para el presente estudio se seleccionaron 40 pacientes adultos (mujeres y varones en partes iguales, con un promedio de edad de 56 años) e inmunocompetentes. Ninguno había recibido tratamiento local previo ni sistémico con antifúngicos, y el 32 por ciento eran fumadores. Los pacientes de la población tenían un promedio de 12.8 dientes presentes al momento de la inspección clínica (2010). De un total de 103 implantes colocados entre 2001 y 2005, el 87 por ciento estaba presente. Del 14 por ciento de implantes ausentes, la mitad (7 por ciento) estaban incluidos, mientras que la otra mitad se hallaban perdidos. En cuanto a la aparatología utilizada, de los 40 pacientes evaluados, 18 eran portadores de prótesis fija, mientras que 22 lo eran de prótesis removibles. Se registró la reabsorción ósea mediante la simple comparación de ambas radiografías, tomando como referencia la altura ósea en relación con los cabezales y las espiras de los implantes. Los casos positivos de reabsorción ósea de determinaron según el tiempo de instalación del implante, el tipo de conexión y momento de la carga protética. Conclusión: en la comparación radiográfica, se observó una mayor reabsorción ósea en los implantes de instalación inmediata, en los implantes con conexión externa y en las rehabilitaciones con prótesis removibles

Enxerto ósseo interposicional: uma alternativa viável para ganho ósseo vertical / Interpositional bone graft: a viable alternative to vertical bone augmentation

Nos planejamentos cirúrgicos para a Implantodontia, diferentes abordagens terapêuticas são possíveis para o tratamento dos defeitos ósseos, quando relacionados a defeitos em espessura. Porém, quando nos deparamos com defeitos verticais, a resolução torna-se mais complexa, uma vez que as técnicas aposicionais de enxertia são deficientes para o ganho ósseo vertical. Para tanto, a utilização da técnica de osteotomias segmentares seguida de enxertos de interposição fornece previsibilidade e segurança clínica. Com o objetivo de demonstrar essa técnica, apresenta-se um caso clínico de osteotomia segmentar seguida de enxerto interposicional com hidroxiapatita sintética reabsorvível na região anterior da maxila

In planning for surgical implants, some therapeutic approaches are possible for treating bone defects in thickness. However, when facing vertical defects, the resolution becomes more complex, since appositional grafting techniques are deficient for vertical bone gain. Therefore, using the technique of segmental osteotomies followed by interposition grafts provides predictable and clinically safe resolution. To demonstrate this technique, this paper presents a case of segmental osteotomy followed by interpositional graft with resorbable synthetic hydroxyapatite in the anterior maxilla

Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: a systematic review / Reabsorción condilar después de cirugía ortognática: una revisión sistemática

The aim of this research was to evaluate the risk factors related to condylar resorption (CR) after orthognathic surgery. Was realized a systematic review with a search of the literature performed in the electronic databases PubMed, MedLine, Ovid, Cochrane Library for current evidence in the world literature as conducted, and relevant articles were selected in according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and the findings were compared. Eight papers, (follow-up 12 months to 69 months) were including. A sample of 2567 patient with mandible or bi maxillary surgery with an age range from 14 to 46 year old was observed. In 137 patients (5.3 percent) CR was observed , with a 97.6 percent (122) female. CR was related to 118 cases with mandibular deficiencies with high mandibular plane (advancement surgery). CR were present principally in bi maxillary surgery with a 103 cases (75.2 percent) and only two papers show any analysis to the relation with TMJ dysfunction. Current evidence in CR is poor but supports those female patients with mandibular deficiency and high mandibular plane angle submitted to bi maxillary surgery with change in occlusal plane (counterclockwise) are associated with condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery...

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados a reabsorción condilar (RC) posterior a cirugía ortognática. Fue realizada una revisión sistemática con una búsqueda de la literatura realizada en bases de dato electrónicos como PubMed, MedLine, Ovid, Cochrane Library buscando actual evidencia en la literatura mundial; artículos relevantes fueron seleccionados según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, comparando sus resultados. Ocho artículos (tiempo de seguimiento de 12 a 69 meses) fueron incluidos. Se observó una muestra de 2567 pacientes con cirugía mandibular o bimaxilar con una edad de entre 14 y 46 años. En 137 pacientes (5,3 por ciento) se observó reabsorción condilar, siendo el 97,6 por ciento (122 casos) de sexo femenino. La RC fue observada n 118 casos de deficiencia mandibular con un plano mandibular alto (cirugía de avance mandibular). La RC estuvo presente principalmente en cirugías bimaxilares con 103 casos afectados (75,2 por ciento) y solo dos artículos evidenciaron análisis previo de disfunción de ATM. Actualmente la evidencia en RC es limitada pero fundamenta que mujeres con deficiencia mandibular y alto plano mandibular sometidas a cirugía bimaxilar con alteración del plano oclusal (giro horario) son asociadas a la reabsorción condilar después de la cirugía ortognática...

Estudo das reabsorções em próteses removíveis / Study of resorption in removable prosthesis

A reabsorção dos rebordos residuais seguida da perda dos dentes é um processo crônico, progressivo e irreversível, observado na maioria dos pacientes usuários de próteses removíveis, total ou parcial. A taxa de perda óssea observada nos primeiros seis meses após a extração dos dentes é normalmente mais intensa, desacelerando nos anos subsequentes. Apesar da etiologia multifatorial das reabsorções, é amplamente aceito que esse processo seja primariamente induzido por cargas funcionais alteradas e transmitidas aos tecidos, podendo continuar por toda a vida. Provavelmente, uma combinação de fatores anatômicos, metabólicos, psicossociais, mecânicos e alguns desconhecidos possam influenciar a velocidade e a intensidade desse processo. O propósito desse estudo foi revisar os fatores envolvidos com a reabsorção dos rebordos residuais em usuários de próteses removíveis. Concluiu-se que a perda óssea dos rebordos alveolares residuais é um processo constante, progressivo e irreversível de origem multifatorial. A influência dos fatores sistêmicos é mais intensa do que a dos fatores locais e a capacidade do clínico em prever as situações de maior risco torna-se importante e indispensável para o prognóstico e sucesso de cada caso

The residual ridge resorption after tooth loss is a chronic, progressive and irreversible process observed in most patients using dentures, partial or complete. The rate of bone loss observed in the first six months after extraction of teeth is usually more intense, decreasing in subsequent years. Despite the multifactorial etiology of resorption, is widely accepted that this process is primarily induced by altered functional loads and transmitted to tissues, which may continue throughout life. Probably, a combination of anatomical, metabolic, psychosocial and mechanical factors may influence the speed and intensity of this process. The purpose of this study was to review the factors involved in the resorption of residual ridge in users of removable dentures. It was concluded that the alveolar bone resorption is an ongoing, progressive and irreversible process, which has multifactorial origin. The influence of systemic factors is more intense than local factors, and the ability of the clinician in predicting risk situations becomes important and essential for the prognosis and success of each case

Implantes zigomáticos como alternativa para reabilitaçãode maxilas atróficas / Zygomatic implants as an alternative for rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla

Existem casos em que o processo reabsortivoda maxila atinge níveis tão severos que nãohá suporte ósseo adequado para instalação deimplantes. Assim, os implantes zigomáticos surgiramcomo alternativa complementar e queapresenta elevados índices de sucesso descritosna literatura. Seu princípio se baseia no fato deque o osso zigomático não sofre o processo dereabsorção a que estão sujeitos os ossos maxilaresapós a perda dos elementos dentais. Nesteartigo relatamos um caso clínico de uma pacienteque apresentava uma reabsorção severada maxila e foi tratada por meio de implanteszigomáticos e implantes convencionais, recebendouma prótese provisória sete horas apóso procedimento cirúrgico. Esta técnica, além depossibilitar a reabilitação dos pacientes edêntulos,permite a instalação de prótese em umprotocolo de carga imediata caso os implantesatinjam um bom travamento inicial.

There are cases where the resorptive processof the maxilla reaches levels so severe thatthere is adequate bone support for implantplacement. So the zygomatic implants haveemerged as an alternative complementary inwith high success rates in the literature. Itsprinciple is based on the fact that the zygomaticbone does not undergo the process ofresorption they are subject to the jaws followingthe loss of dental elements. In this reporta case of a patient who had a severe resorptionof the jaw and was treated by means of zygomaticimplants and conventional implants andreceived a temporary prosthesis seven hoursafter surgery. This technique also enable therehabilitation of edentulous patients, allowsthe installation of prosthesis in a protocol ofimmediate load implant case to achieve a goodinitial crash.

Mapeamento 3D da progressão de lesões condilares em pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial / 3D mapping of condyle morphological changes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a progressão das alterações morfológicas que ocorrem nos côndilos mandibulares de pacientes com artrite reumatoide inicial (AR). 37 pacientes (22 mulheres e 15 homens, idade média de 57,08±14,88 anos) foram selecionados. O engajamento se deu aproximadamente 23 dias após o diagnóstico de AR, o qual baseou-se nos critérios revisados do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia (ACR). O tratamento também foi guiado por padrões estabelecidos pelo ACR. Foram adquiridas tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico em três tempos: ao início do tratamento (V1); um ano de acompanhamento (V2); e dois anos de acompanhamento (V3). Modelos 3D dos ramos mandibulares foram construídos. Utilizou-se a superposição regional por melhor adaptação realizada com o auxílio do software GeomagicStudio 10, para a comparação dos modelos. Uma metodologia de análise de forma computadorizada (com auxílio do software SPHARMPDM) foi empregada para a obtenção dos valores das remodelações ocorridas entre os períodos de avaliação (V1-V2; V2-V3; e V1-V3), nas regiões anatômicas de interesse (ROI) (porções posterior, medial, lateral, superior e anterior dos côndilos bilateralmente). A hipótese nula considerada e avaliada pelo teste de Wilcoxon foi de que as mudanças morfológicas ocorridas nas ROIs nos períodos estudados seria igual a zero. Para avaliar a ocorrência de correlações das alterações morfológicas ocorridas entre as ROIs nos períodos avaliados, além da influência da idade no processo de remodelação, foi utilizado teste de Spearmann. Investigou-se também influência do gênero nas remodelações condilares através do teste 2. Por fim verificou-se a semelhança morfológica entre formas condilares médias geradas pela computação aditiva de estruturas de um mesmo lado nos diferentes tempos de avaliação com o auxilio do software shapeAnalysisMANCOVA que realiza uma análise de covariância multivariada para a comparação das formas médias representativas de cada grupo. Concluiuse que após um ano de acompanhamento, a porção posterior (direita) e superior de ambos os lados sofreram reabsorção óssea significativa, e aproximadamente 26-32% dos pacientes sofreram reabsorções maiores que 1 mm nessas regiões. No período compreendido entre um e dois anos de acompanhamento observou-se reabsorções significativas na porção anterior (esquerda), superior (esquerda) e posterior de ambos os lados, e aproximadamente 17-26% dos pacientes sofreram reabsorções maiores que 1 mm nessas regiões. No período total de acompanhamento foram produzidas reabsorções significativas nas porções anterior, superior e posterior de maneira bilateral, e aproximadamente 21-42% dos pacientes sofreram reabsorções maiores que 1 mm nessas regiões. Em algumas regiões até 20% dos pacientes mostram aposições maiores que 1 mm. Observou-se grande variabilidade individual, sendo que em alguns casos houve reabsorções de quase 6 mm e aposições de quase 4mm. Não houve correlação forte entre as alterações morfológicas observadas nas ROI nos períodos compreendidos entre os tempos de avaliação. Não foi possível identificar uma correlação importante entre as alterações morfológicas com a idade dos pacientes, nem com o gênero. Não foi possível observar diferenças morfológicas entre as formas condilares médias.

The aim of this study was to map the progression of condyle morphological changes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For this purpose, 37 patients (22 women and 15 men, mean age 57.08±14.88 years) were selected. Patients entered this study at about 23 days after diagnosis of RA. They were diagnosed with RA according to the revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and treatment protocols were also based on ACR guidelines. Cone Beam Computed Tomography exams were acquired at 3-time points: beginning of treatment (V1); 1-year follow-up (V2); and 2-year follow-up (V3). Rami 3D virtual models were built. Models orientation was based on a surface-to-surface registration technique, also known as best fit, which was carried out by the GeomagicStudio 10 software. An automated shape analysis method was carried out in order to quantitatively measure (measurements were done by means of using the software SPHARM-PDM) the remodeling process observed between the time points (V1-V2; V2-V3; e V1-V3), at the anatomical regions of interest (ROI) (condyle posterior, medial, lateral, superior, and anterior surfaces, bilaterally). The null hypothesis was that morphological changes at the ROIs between the time points would be zero, and was tested by a Wilcoxon non-parametric test. To test the correlation of morphological changes at the ROIs between time points and to identify the age role in the remodeling process, the Spearmann test was used. Gender influence on condylar remodeling was assessed by 2-test. Finally, mean shape surface models, which were generated by additive computation of same side structures between different time points, were compared by means of a multivariate analysis of covariance, which is available in the shapeAnalysisMANCOVA software. After 1-year follow-up, the posterior surface (right side) and the superior surface (both sides) showed statistically significant bone resorption; and approximately 26-32% of these patients underwent resorptions greater than 1 mm in these regions. Between 1-year and 2-year follow-up, the anterior surface (left side), the superior surface (left side) and the posterior surface (bilaterally) showed significant bone loss; and approximately 17-26% of these patients underwent bone resorptions greater than 1 mm in these regions. In the overall period, it was observed statistically significant resorptions in the anterior, superior, and posterior surfaces bilaterally; and approximately 21-42% of these patients underwent resorptions greater than 1 mm in these regions. In some regions up to 20% of the patients showed appositions greater than 1 mm. A highly variable individual response was observed, with some cases showing resorptions of almost 6 mm while others showing appositions of almost 4mm. None strong correlations were found between morphological changes observed at the ROIs among the time points. It was not possible to strongly correlate the morphological changes neither with age, nor with gender. The mean shape analysis did not show any differences among the average shapes.

Implante dentário unitário imediato / Immediate unitary dental implant

O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura a respeito de Implante Dentário Unitário Imediato e também uma revisão atualizada com critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos relatando taxas de longevidade do ano de 1999 a 2009, bem como procedimentos clínicos associados a sua instalação. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura com busca de artigos científicos na base de dados MEDLINE e os critérios de inclusão dos mesmos foram: artigos publicados de 1999 a 2009; ensaios clínicos randomizados e não-randomizados; estudos de coorte; estudos de caso-controle; relatos de casos clínicos com um número mínimo de 10 casos; taxas de sucesso e de longevidade devem ter um período de proservação de pelo menos 6 meses; relatos de casos clínicos somente com instalação de implantes imediatos. Foram identificados um total de dez estudos que preenchiam os critérios de seleção desta revisão. Eles relatam as taxas de longevidade de implantes imediatos e alguns ainda comparam com implantes tardios. O período de observação dos mesmos foi de seis meses a seis anos. Na presente revisão, a maior parte dos estudos apresentaram taxas de longevidade de implantes imediatos acima de 90%, ou seja, similar aos implantes colocados em alvéolos cicatrizados. Os autores não encontraram diferenças estatísticas significantes nas taxas de longevidade para técnicas de colocação imediata e tardia. A taxa de longevidade de implantes imediatos foi de 100% em quatro estudos. Dois estudos apresentaram maior taxa de sucesso com colocação imediata (96,8%) quando comparada com a tardia (93,9%). As menores taxas encontradas foram a de 89,3% e 85%. Com isso, os autores concluem que a técnica de instalação de Implante Unitário Imediato é uma técnica confiável e segura apresentado taxas de sucesso semelhante a implantes tardios

The present study is about a literature review regarding it Implants Dental Unitary Implants Immediate and an updated revision with inclusion criteria prestablished showing rates of longevity of the year from 1999 to 2009 as well as associated clinical procedures at its installation. A literature review was accomplished with a research of scientific MEDLINE database and the inclusion criteria of it were: Published from 1999 to 2009 ; randomized and non-randomized clinical rehearsals; cohort studies; case-control studies; reports of clinical cases with a minimum number of 10 cases; success and longevity rates should have a post accompaniment period of at least 6 months; reports of clinical cases only with placement of immediate implants. Ten studies that fitted out the criteria of selection of this revision were identified. They report the longevity rates of immediate dental implants and some still compare to late dental implants. The observation time was from six months to six years. In the present revision, most of the studies presented longevity rates of its immediate implants above 90%, in other words, similar to the implant placed in scarred alveoli. The authors didn’t find significant statistical differences in the longevity rates for techniques of immediate and late placement. The longevity rate of its immediate implant was 100% in six studies. Two studies presented larger success rate with immediate placement (96,8%) when compared with the late (93,9%). 89,3% and 85% were the lowest rates among reported ones, were found in two studies. Thus, we can conclude that the placement technique of it Immediate Unitary Dental Implants is a reliable technique and it holds presented rates of similar success to late implants

Bariatric surgery and bone metabolism: a systematic review / Cirurgia bariátrica e metabolismo ósseo: uma revisão sistemática

Few studies have demonstrated the risk of metabolic bone disease and a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) after bariatric surgery. A systematic review was conducted of case-control and cohort studies with the aim of evaluating the relationship between bariatric surgery and bone metabolism. The search was undertaken in MedLine, covering the period from January 1997 to August 2009, using the keywords: "bariatric surgery" AND "osteoporosis", "fracture", "bone diseases", "metabolic". Six studies were included, comprising four cohort and two case-control studies. Three studies evaluated bone metabolism and BMD, and the other evaluated bone metabolism only. Based on this review, bariatric surgery is associated with alterations in bone metabolism, loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture. However, the maximum evaluation period covered by these studies was two years after surgery, hence the need to undertake further studies of longer duration in order to achieve a more thorough understanding of this association.

Alguns estudos têm demonstrado aumento do risco de doença osteometabólica e redução de densidade mineral óssea (DMO) após a cirurgia bariátrica. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos de caso-controle e coorte com o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre cirurgia bariátrica e o metabolismo ósseo. A procura foi realizada na MedLine de janeiro 1997 a agosto 2009, utilizando os descritores: "bariatric surgery" e "osteoporosis", "fracture", "bone diseases", "metabolic". Foram incluídos seis estudos, sendo quatro coortes e dois casos-controle. Três desses estudos avaliaram metabolismo ósseo e DMO e os demais avaliaram apenas o metabolismo ósseo. Com base nesta revisão, a cirurgia bariátrica está associada com alterações no metabolismo ósseo, perda de massa óssea e aumento no risco de fraturas. Entretanto, os estudos tiveram acompanhamento máximo de dois anos após a cirurgia, havendo necessidade de estudos de maior seguimento para melhor conhecimento dessa associação.

Histopathological evaluation of root canal filling materials for primary teeth

This study aimed to assess the response of apical and periapical tissues of dogs' teeth after root canal filling with different materials. Forty roots from dogs' premolars were prepared biomechanically and assigned to 4 groups filled with: Group I: commercial calcium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol-based paste (Calen®) thickened with zinc oxide; Group II: paste composed of iodoform, Rifocort® and camphorated paramonochlorophenol; Group III: zinc oxide-eugenol cement; Group IV: sterile saline. After 30 days, the samples were subjected to histological processing. The histopathological findings revealed that in Groups I and IV the apical and periapical regions exhibited normal appearance, with large number of fibers and cells and no resorption of mineralized tissues. In Group II, mild inflammatory infiltrate and mild edema were observed, with discrete fibrogenesis and bone resorption. Group III showed altered periapical region and thickened periodontal ligament with presence of inflammatory cells and edema. It may be concluded that the Calen paste thickened with zinc oxide yielded the best tissue response, being the most indicated material for root canal filling of primary teeth with pulp vitality.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta dos tecidos apicais e periapicais de dentes de cães, após obturação dos canais radiculares com diferentes materiais indicados para dentes decíduos. Foram utilizados pré-molares de cães, totalizando 40 raízes que, após pulpectomia e preparo biomecânico, foram divididas em 4 grupos, nos quais os canais radiculares foram obturados com os seguintes materiais: Grupo I - pasta comercial composta de hidróxido de cálcio e polietileno glicol 400 (Calen®) espessada com óxido de zinco; Grupo II - pasta composta de iodofórmio, Rifocort® e paramonoclorofenol canforado; Grupo III - cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol; e Grupo IV - solução salina. Decorridos 30 dias, as peças foram submetidas ao processamento histológico. De acordo com os resultados da análise histopatológica observou-se que nos Grupos I e IV as regiões apical e periapical apresentaram aspecto de normalidade, com grande número de fibras e células e ausência de reabsorção dos tecidos mineralizados. No Grupo II observou-se infiltrado inflamatório e edema leves, com discreta fibrogênese e reabsorção óssea. O Grupo III apresentou alteração na região periapical e ligamento periodontal ampliado, com presença de células inflamatórias e edema. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a pasta Calen espessada com óxido de zinco apresentou a melhor resposta tecidual, sendo a mais indicada para a obturação de canais radiculares de dentes decíduos com vitalidade pulpar.

Prevalence of radiological findings among cases of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism / Prevalência de achados radiológicos em pacientes com grave hiperparatireoidismo secundário

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) are prone to develop heterotopic calcifications and severe bone disease. Determination of the sites most commonly affected would decrease costs and patients' exposure to X-ray radiation. The aim here was to determine which skeletal sites produce most radiographic findings, in order to evaluate hemodialysis patients with HPT2, and to describe the most prevalent radiographic findings. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was cross-sectional, conducted in one center, the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Whole-body radiographs were obtained from 73 chronic hemodialysis patients with indications for parathyroidectomy due to severe HPT2. The regions studied were the skull, hands, wrists, clavicles, thoracic and lumbar column, long bones and pelvis. All the radiographs were analyzed by the same two radiologists, with great experience in bone disease interpretation. RESULTS: The most common abnormality was subperiosteal bone resorption, mostly at the phalanges and distal clavicles (94 percent of patients, each). "Rugger jersey spine" sign was found in 27 percent. Pathological fractures and deformities were seen in 27 percent and 33 percent, respectively. Calcifications were presented in 80 percent, mostly at the forearm fistula (42 percent), abdominal aorta and lower limb arteries (35 percent each). Brown tumors were present in 37 percent of the patients, mostly on the face and lower limbs (9 percent each). CONCLUSION: The greatest prevalence of bone findings were found on radiographs of the hands, wrists, lateral view of the thoracic and lumbar columns and femurs. The most prevalent findings were bone resorption and ectopic calcifications.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPT2) à insuficiência renal crônica são propensos a desenvolver calcificações ectópicas e grave doença óssea. A determinação dos sítios mais revelantes pode diminuir o custo e a exposição do paciente a radiação desnecessária. O objetivo foi determinar quais locais radiológicos apresentam mais achados radiográficos para avaliar o HPT2 em pacientes em hemodiálise, assim como os achados mais prevalentes. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, realizado no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Radiografias de corpo inteiro foram obtidas de 73 pacientes em hemodiálise crônica que tiveram indicação de paratireoidectomia devido a HPT2 grave. As regiões estudadas foram crânio, mãos e punhos, clavículas, coluna torácica e lombar, ossos longos e pélvis. Todas as imagens foram analisadas pelos mesmos dois radiologistas, com grande experiência na interpretação de doenças do osso. RESULTADOS: A alteração mais comum foi reabsorção óssea subperiosteal, principalmente nas falanges distais e clavículas (ambos em 94 por cento de pacientes). Sinal de "rugger jersey" foi descoberto em 27 por cento. Fratura patológica e deformidades foram visualizadas em 27 por cento e 33 por cento, respectivamente. As calcificações foram encontradas em 80 por cento dos pacientes, principalmente na fístula de antebraço (42 por cento), aorta abdominal e artérias dos membros inferiores (ambos 35 por cento). Tumores marrons estavam presentes em 37 por cento dos pacientes, principalmente na face e nos membros inferiores (ambos 9 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: As radiografias com achados mais prevalentes foram mãos e punhos, radiografia lateral da coluna torácica e lombar e fêmur. Os achados mais prevalentes foram reabsorção óssea e calcificação ectópica.

Osteonecrosis avascular maxilar: guías de prevención para pacientes tratados con bifosfonatos / Avascular necrosis of the jaw: prevention guidelines for patients with biphosphonates treatment

Los bifosfonatos conforman un grupo de medicamentos que se utilizan desde hace unos 30 años para resolver diferentes condiciones que afectan la calidad del hueso de soporte. El uso actual es masivo, por tiempos prolongados y los esquemas de dosis grandes e intermitentes, de productos de alta potencia anti-resortiva ósea se asocian con la aparición de nuevos eventos adversos como la osteonecrosis de mandíbula (ONM). La ONM es sin embargo poco frecuente, se ha visto en el 0,8 por ciento de los pacientes con cáncer y factores de riesgo, tratados con productos intravenosos, dosis altas por tiempos de 3 o más años. Este evento es casi anecdótico con los esquemas orales intermitentes, en pacientes con osteoporosis, e inexistente cuando se utilizan diariamente productos de potencia anti-resortiva ósea moderada, por la vía oral y períodos de hasta un año. Aquí se resumen algunas recomendaciones elementales para que el odontólogo identifique los casos con riesgo y prevenga la aparición eventual de ONM.