Immunohistochemical analysis of retinoblastoma cell phenotype using neuronal and glial cell markers / Análise imuno-histoquímica do fenótipo de células de retinoblastoma utilizando marcadores de células neuronais e gliais

ABSTRACT Purpose: The cellular origin of retinoblastoma is uncertain as constituent tumor cells heterogeneously express markers of both immature and mature retinal cells. An immunohistochemical analysis of cellular origin may yield valuable insights into disease progression and treatment options. This study aimed to determine the cellular origin of retinoblastoma in a large case series and correlate these findings with histopathological prognostic factors. Methods: Thirty-nine retinoblastoma cases were histopathologically diagnosed and analyzed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the immature neural cell marker SRY-box containing gene 2 (SOX-2), the mature neuronal cell marker microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and the mature glial cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Histopathological features were also evaluated, including patterns of growth, differentiation, vitreous seeding, and choroidal/scleral, optic nerve, and anterior chamber invasion. Two retinoblastoma cell lines, WERI-1 and Y79, were studied by immunocytochemistry using the same antibodies. Results: Expression of SOX-2 was strong in 97.4% of retinoblastoma cases, while MAP-2 was expressed in 59% of cases. Immunostaining for GFAP was positive only in reactive stromal astrocytes interspersed amongst tumor cells and in peritumoral tissue. There was no correlation between histopathological prognostic factors and immunohistochemical markers. Retinoblastoma cell lines showed strong positivity for SOX2 (90% of WERI-1 cells and 70% of Y79 cells) and MAP2 (90% of cells in both lines). GFAP was completely negative in both cell lines. Conclusion: The majority of retinoblastomas and both RB cell lines expressed an immature neural and/or a mature neuronal cell marker, but not a glial marker. These results indicate a typical neuroblast or neuronal origin and eliminate astrocyte differentiation from neural stem cells as the source of retinoblastoma.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo visa determinar a origem do retinoblastoma em um número de casos e correlacionar essos achados com fatores prognósticos e histopatológicos conhecidos. Métodos: Trinta e nove casos de retinoblastoma foram diagnosticados e analisados com imuno-histoquímica usando marcadores de anticorpos monoclonais contra as células de retina imaturas (SOX-2: SRY-box containing gene 2), contra as células da retina maturas (MAP2: microtubule -associated protein 2) e contra as células gliais maturas (GFAP: glial fibrillar acidic protein). Foram avaliadas características microscópicas dos casos (grau de diferenciação, presença de semeadura vítrea, invasão de coroide/esclera, nervo óptico e câmara anterior). Duas linhas celulares de retinoblastoma (WERI-1 e Y79) também foram testadas, utilizando os três marcadores. Resultados: A expressão de SOX-2 foi positiva em 97,4% dos casos de retinoblastoma, enquanto MAP2 foi positivo em 59% dos casos. GFAP foi apenas positivo no estroma (astrócitos reativos). Não houve correlação entre preditores histopatológicos e marcadores imunohistoquímicos avaliados. As linhagens celulares mostraram positividade para SOX-2 (90% em WERI-1 e 70% das células Y79). Ambas as linhagens celulares se mostraram fortemente positivas con MAP2 (90%), enquanto não houve expressão de GFAP em nenhuma das linhas celulares estudadas. Conclusões: A maioria das células de retinoblastoma desta série de casos expressa marcadores de células retinianas imaturas, além de marcadores de células maduras. As linhas celulares Y79 e WERI-1 apresentaram imunomarcação para ambos os marcadores neurais em percentagens semelhantes a dos casos avaliados. Portanto, estes resultados confirmam a origem neural do tumor em particular. Alem disso, a ausência de células positivas para GFAP no tumor descarta diferenciação de astrócitos em retinoblastoma.

Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 Inhibits Multidrug Resistance in Retinoblastoma Cancer Stem Cells

To investigate the function and regulation mechanism of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2) in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells (RCSCs), a long-term culture of RCSCs from WERI-Rb1 cell line was successfully established based on the high expression level of ABCG2 on the surface of RCSCs. To further explore the molecular mechanism of ABCG2 on RCSCs, a microRNA that specifically targets ABCG2 was predicted. Subsequently, miR-3163 was selected and confirmed as the ABCG2-regulating microRNA. Overexpression of miR-3163 led to a significant decrease in ABCG2 expression. Additionally, ABCG2 loss-of-function induced anti-proliferation and apoptosis-promoting functions in RCSCs, and multidrug resistance to cisplatin, carboplatin, vincristine, doxorubicin, and etoposide was greatly improved in these cells. Our data suggest that miR-3163 has a significant impact on ABCG2 expression and can influence proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance in RCSCs. This work may provide new therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma.

Differential Expression of Stem Cell Markers and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Retinoblastoma Tissue

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the cancer stem cell-vascular niche complex in human retinoblastoma tissue. METHODS: Six human retinoblastoma specimens primarily enucleated for Reese-Ellsworth classification stage 5a were stained to detect cancer stem cell markers, including ABCG2 for the stem cell marker and MCM2 for the neural stem cell marker, as well as to detect VEGF for the angiogenic cytokine. Using immunofluorescence, the expression of these proteins was analyzed, and their relative locations noted. RESULTS: In non-neoplastic retina of tumor-bearing eyes, ABCG2 and MCM2 were sporadically expressed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer, whereas VEGF was sporadically expressed in inner retina where retinal vessels are abundantly distributed. In the tumor, ABCG2 was strongly expressed out of Wintersteiner rosettes, whereas MCM2 and VEGF were strongly stained in the rosettes. Interestingly, the outer portion of the rosettes was positive for MCM2, and the inner portion of the rosettes was positive for VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that MCM2 and VEGF are strongly expressed in the rosettes of the tumor, which were far from the area of ABCG2-positive cells. Although VEGF might not directly contribute to the cancer stem cell-vascular niche complex, it could play some role in the differentiation of tumor cells to build up the rosettes.

Shank 2 expression coincides with neuronal differentiation in the developing retina

The retinal activity for vision requires a precise synaptic connectivity. Shank proteins at postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses play roles in signal transmission into the postsynaptic neuron. However, the correlation of Shank 2 expression with neuronal differentiation in the developing retina remains to be elucidated regardless of previous evidences of Shank 2 expression in retina. Herein, we demonstrated that with progression of development, Shank 2 is initially detected in the inner plexiform layer at P2, and then intensively detected in inner plexiform layer, outer plexiform layer, and ganglion cell layer at P14, which was closely colocalized to the neurofilament expression. Shank 2 was, however, not colocalized with glial fibrillary acidic protein. Shank 2 expression was increased in the differentiated retinoblastoma cells, which was mediated by ERK 1/2 activation. Moreover, Shank 2 expression was colocalized with neurofilament at the dendritic region of cells. In conclusion, our data suggests that Shank 2 is expressed in the neurons of the developing retina and could play a critical role in the neuronal differentiation of the developing retina.