Hacia una medicina de excelencia en México: el protocolo Código Infarto, una visión desde la bioética traslacional / Towards medicine of excellence in Mexico: the "Código Infarto" protocol, a view from the perspective of translational bioethics

Resumen Introducción: México es el país con mayor mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAM CEST), por lo que el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social desarrolló el protocolo de atención para los servicios de urgencias denominado Código Infarto. En este artículo se discuten aspectos de la medicina traslacional con una perspectiva bioética e integral. Objetivo: Analizar el protocolo Código Infarto desde la perspectiva de la bioética traslacional. Método: Se realizó una aproximación centrada en el problema a través del equilibrio reflexivo, así como la aplicación del método integral para el discernimiento ético. Resultados: El protocolo de atención para los servicios de urgencias Código Infarto se rige por la medicina basada en la evidencia y la medicina basada en valores; se orienta por el principio de integridad que considera las seis dimensiones de la calidad para la atención de pacientes con IAM CEST. Conclusión: El protocolo supera algunos determinantes sociales adversos que afectan la atención médica del IAM CEST, disminuye la mortalidad, la carga económica global de la enfermedad y desarrolla una medicina de excelencia de alto alcance social.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico is the country with the highest mortality due to ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), and the IMSS has therefore developed the protocol of care for emergency departments called Código Infarto (Infarction Code). In this article, aspects of translational medicine are discussed with a bioethical and comprehensive perspective. Objective: To analyze the Código Infarto protocol from the perspective of translational bioethics. Method: A problem-centered approach was carried out through reflective equilibrium (or Rawls' method), as well as by applying the integral method for ethical discernment. Results: The protocol of care for emergency services Código Infarto is governed by evidence-based medicine and value-based medicine; it is guided by a principle of integrity that considers six dimensions of quality for the care of patients with STEMI. Conclusion: The protocol overcomes some adverse social determinants that affect STEMI medical care, reduces mortality and global economic disease burden, and develops medicine of excellence with high social reach.

Epidemiological Profile and Quality Indicators in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Northern Minas Gerais - Minas Telecardio 2 Project / Perfil Epidemiológico e Indicadores de Qualidade em Pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda na Região Norte de Minas Gerais - Projeto Minas Telecardio 2

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death in Brazil. In the Brazilian public health system, the in-hospital mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction is high. The Minas Telecardio 2 Project (Projeto Minas Telecardio 2) aims at implementing a myocardial infarction system of care in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais (MG) to decrease hospital morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cared for in the period that preceded the implementation of the system of care. Methods: Observational, prospective study of patients with ACS admitted between June 2013 and March 2014 to six emergency departments in Montes Claros, MG, and followed up until hospital discharge. Results: During the study period, 593 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of ACS (mean age 63 ± 12 years, 67.6% men), including 306 (51.6%) cases of unstable angina, 214 (36.0%) of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and 73 (12.3%) of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The total STEMI mortality was 21%, and the in-hospital mortality was 17.2%. In the STEMI patients, 46,0% underwent reperfusion therapy, including primary angioplasty in 88 and thrombolysis in six. Overall, aspirin was administered to 95.1% of the patients within 24 hours and to 93.5% at discharge, a P2Y12 inhibitor was administered to 88.7% participants within 24 hours and to 75.1% at discharge. A total of 73.1% patients received heparin within 24 hours. Conclusion: We observed a low reperfusion rate in patients with STEMI and limited adherence to the recommended ACS treatment in the Northern Region of MG. These observations enable opportunities to improve health care.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença coronariana é a principal causa de morte no Brasil. No sistema público de saúde brasileiro, a mortalidade hospitalar por infarto agudo do miocárdio é elevada. O Projeto Minas Telecardio 2 tem o objetivo de implantar a linha de cuidado do infarto na Região Ampliada Norte de Minas Gerais (MG), com vistas à redução da morbimortalidade hospitalar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil dos casos de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) atendidos no período que precedeu à implantação do programa. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo observacional dos pacientes com SCA admitidos entre junho de 2013 e março de 2014 nas seis portas de entrada de urgência de Montes Claros e acompanhados até a alta hospitalar. Resultados: No período do estudo, 593 pacientes foram admitidos com SCA (idade média 63 ± 12 anos, 67,6% homens), com 306 (51,6%) casos de angina instável, 214 (36,0%) de infarto com supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMCSST) e 73 (12,3%) com infarto sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSSST). A mortalidade total para IAMCSST foi 21% e a intra-hospitalar foi de 17,2%. Nos pacientes com IAMCSST, 46,0% foram submetidos a terapia de reperfusão, com 88 angioplastias primárias e seis trombólises. AAS foi administrado a 95,1% dos pacientes nas primeiras 24 horas e a 93,5% na alta, inibidores do P2Y12 foram administrados a 88,7% dos participantes nas primeiras 24 horas e a 75,1% na alta. Ao todo, 73,1% receberam heparina nas primeiras 24 horas. Conclusão: Foram observadas baixa taxa de reperfusão em pacientes com IAMCSST e adesão limitada aos tratamentos preconizados para abordagem da SCA na Região Ampliada Norte de MG. Estas observações possibilitam oportunidades para melhoria do cuidado em saúde.

Evolución del tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio en la Argentina desde 1987 a 2005 / Evolution of acute myocardial infarction treatment in Argentina from 1987 to 2005

En la Argentina, una de cada tres muertes es de origen cardiovascular y el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) es una de sus presentaciones más agresivas y frecuentes. Sin embargo, en nuestro país los datos epidemiológicos relacionados al infarto son escasos. Diversas encuestas y registros se han realizado en estos últimos 25 años por las diferentes sociedades científicas, las cuales, si bien aportan valiosa información, sólo representan a una parte de la población con posibilidades de acceso a centros de alta complejidad. Los datos proporcionados por estos registros evidencian un aumento progresivo en la tasa de reperfusión; sin embargo, esto no se tradujo en una reducción de la mortalidad. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo aportar toda la información disponible sobre el IAM en la Argentina, y busca identificar los recursos necesarios para lograr un adecuado manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico de esta enfermedad.

In Argentina, one out of three deaths is of cardiovascular origin and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most aggressive and frequent. In our country epidemiological data related to infarction are scarce. Various surveys and reports have been carried out in the past 25 years by different scientific societies, which, even though they provide valuable information, enclose only a small range of the population with access to high complexity centers. Though these records show a gradual increase in the rate of reperfusion, this has not resulted in a mortality reduction. This review is committed to provide all available information about the AMI in Argentina, in order to provide the necessary resources to the right diagnosis and therapeutic handling of this disease.

QRS duration in isolated left bundle branch block: a marker of ventricular remodling and septal hypoperfusion

Isolated left bundle branch block [LBBB] per se may compromise cardiac mechanics and perfusion; this may contribute to the unfavorable outcome of such patients. The relation of QRS duration in isolated LBBB with cardiac function and perfusion is unknown. So, we sought to evaluate the left ventricular [LV] function and myocardial perfusion in isolated LBBB in relation to QRS duration. The study included 30 patients with isolated LBBB and 10 age and gender matched subjects without conduction delay. All study population had normal coronary angiogram. LBBB patients were divided into group I [17 patients] with 120/=140 msec. LV end diastolic dimension [LVED], LV end systolic dimension [LVES], septal wall thickness [SWT], posterior wall thickness [PWT] and LV ejection fraction [LVEF] were detected by echocardiography and myocardial perfusion was assessed by Thallium-201 [[201]Th] scintigraphy. LV remodeling [as detected from increased LVSD and PWT and decreased LVEF] and septal hypoperfusion [as detected by 201Th scintigraphy] were more frequent in group II [patients with QRS>140 msec]. QRS as it correlated positively with LVES [r 0.79, p<0.001] and negatively with LVEF [r-0.56, p<0.002], it also showed good agreement with myocardial perfusion imaging, the prolonged QRS the more frequent septal hypoperfusion. Moreover, there was a relation between cardiac function and myocardial perfusion in LBBB patients as these patients with perfusion defects showed increased LVES and SWT and decreased LVEF versus those without perfusion defects suggesting that there is link between cardiac function and myocardial perfusion in LBBB. Electrocardiography is commonly used as the first assessment tool for possible cardiac disease. QRS duration in patients with isolated LBBB is closely related to LV remodeling and septal hypoperfusion