Composición corporal en una serie de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica / Body Composition in a Series of Systemic Sclerosis Patients

Introducción: La esclerosis sistémica es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida crónica, caracterizada por fibrosis tisular, disfunción vascular y autoinmunidad. Entre otros síntomas, las alteraciones gastrointestinales son responsables del riesgo de malnutrición. De manera que la evaluación de la composición corporal es fundamental. Objetivo: Caracterizar la composición corporal de los pacientes con esclerosis sistémica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de pacientes que se atienden en la consulta protocolizada del Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras. La muestra quedó conformada por 90 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de esclerosis sistémica, atendidos entre los años de 2019 y 2021. Resultados: Dentro de las manifestaciones clínicas, predominó en estos pacientes la forma difusa. Se observó que a mayor tiempo de la evolución se presentaban más alteraciones gastrointestinales y úlceras digitales. Más de la mitad de los pacientes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad y se encontraron valores altos y muy altos de grasa corporal. A mayor índice de masa corporal, mayores valores de grasa corporal, grasa visceral y menor masa magra. Los pacientes con bajo índice de masa corporal tenían una tendencia significativa a presentar alteraciones gastrointestinales y no se evidenciaron diferencias en los porcentajes de grasa visceral ni de grasa corporal sin embargo, el porciento de la masa magra fue significativamente inferior. Conclusiones: Se caracterizó la identificación temprana y detallada de esta enfermedad para disminuir la mortalidad y mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes, mediante el análisis de la composición corporal(AU)

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis is a chronic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by tissue fibrosis, vascular dysfunction and autoimmunity. Among other symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances are responsible for the risk of malnutrition. In this sense, the evaluation of body composition is fundamental. Objective: To characterize the body composition of patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in patients assisted in the protocolized consultation of the Rheumatology Service of Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras. The sample was made up of 90 patients with confirmed diagnosis of systemic sclerosis who were treated from 2019 to 2021. Results: Diffuse form predominated in these patients as the clinical manifestations. It was observed that the longer the evolution, the more gastrointestinal alterations and digital ulcers were presented. More than half of the patients were overweight or obese, as high and very high values of body fat were found. The higher the body mass index, the higher the values of body fat, visceral fat and lower lean mass. Patients with low body mass index had significant tendency to present gastrointestinal alterations and no differences were found in the percentages of visceral fat or body fat. However, the percentage of lean mass was significantly lower. Conclusions: The early and detailed identification of this disease was characterized to reduce mortality and improve the prognosis of these patients through the analysis of body composition(AU)

Paul Klee y la esclerosis sistémica / Paul Klee and systemic sclerosis

Paul Klee representa uno de los pilares del arte de vanguardia del principio del siglo XX. Produjo una ingente cantidad de obras artísticas en sus 60 años de vida. La esclerosis sistémica se manifestó cinco años antes de morir, pero no por ello redujo su actividad creadora. En este artículo se analiza su historia y su enfermedad que tanto influyeron en su obra, y que lo convirtieron en ejemplo paradigmático de resiliencia ante la adversidad.

Paul Klee represents one of the pillars of avant-garde art of the early 20th century. He produced an enormous amount of artistic works in the sixty years of his life. Systemic sclerosis appeared five years before he died, but this did not reduce his creative activity. This article analyzes his life and his illness that so influenced his work and that is a paradigmatic example of resilience in the face of adversity.

Evaluation of the association between KIR polymorphisms and systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background: The results of investigations on the association between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms and the risk of systemic sclerosis (SSc) are inconsistent. To comprehensively evaluate the influence of KIR polymorphisms on the risk of SSc, this meta-analysis was performed. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in electronic databases including Scopus and PubMed/ MEDLINE to find all available studies involving KIR gene family polymorphisms and SSc risk prior to July 2019. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured to detect associations between KIR gene family polymorphisms and SSc risk. Results: Five articles, comprising 571 patients and 796 healthy participants, evaluating the KIR gene family polymorphisms were included in the final meta-analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 16 KIR genes were assessed. None of the KIR genes were significantly associated with the risk of SSc. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis provides evidence that KIR genes might not be potential risk factors for SSc risk.(AU)

Atualização na etiopatogênese da esclerose sistêmica / Update on etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis

A Esclerose Sistêmica (ES) é uma doença autoimune de etiologia multifatorial, desencadeada pela combinação de fatores genéticos e ambientais. Sua variada expressão clínica resulta da complexa interação fisiopatogênica de três elementos principais: a vasculopatia proliferativa, a desregulação imunológica e a deposição e remodelamento anormais da matriz extracelular (MEC), da qual resulta a fibrose característica da doença. Eventos fisiopatogênicos precoces parecem ser a lesão endotelial e o desequilíbrio no reparo vascular, com a ativação de células endoteliais, do sistema imune e das plaquetas, com a liberação de múltiplos mediadores, como as citocinas proinflamatórias TH2 e os fatores de crescimento, desencadeando uma sequência de eventos simultâneos ou em cascata que envolve diversas vias de sinalização intracelular. O resultado mais importante desses eventos é a hiperativação dos fibroblastos, as principais células efetoras da fibrose, as quais passam a produzir grandes quantidades de constituintes da MEC e a secretar múltiplos fatores de crescimento e citocinas que perpetuam o processo. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão dos principais fatores potencialmente implicados na etiologia da ES e revisitamos os conhecimentos atuais sobre os mais importantes mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento das lesões características da doença. O melhor entendimento desses mecanismos fisiopatogênicos possibilita identificar potenciais alvos terapêuticos, o que pode resultar em avanços no manejo dessa complexa e debilitante doença.

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology, triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Its varied clinical expression results from the complex physiopathogenic interaction of three main elements: proliferative vasculopathy, immune dysregulation and abnormal deposition and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), of which the characteristic disease fibrosis is the result. Early physiopathogenic events appear to be endothelial injury and imbalance in vascular repair with the activation of endothelial cells, the immune system and platelets, with the release of multiple mediators such as TH2 proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, triggering a sequence of simultaneous or cascading events that involve several intracellular signaling pathways. The most important result of these events is the hyperactivation of fibroblasts, the main effector cells of fibrosis, which will then produce large amounts of ECM constituents and secrete multiple growth factors and cytokines that perpetuate the process. In this article we review the main factors potentially involved in the etiology of SSc and reexamine the current knowledge about the most important mechanisms involved in the development of lesions that are characteristic of the disease. A better understanding of these physiopathogenic mechanisms will help identify potential therapeutic targets, which may result in advances in the management of this complex and debilitating disease.

Síndrome de Erasmus: silicose e esclerose sistêmica / Erasmus syndrome: silicosis and systemic sclerosis

A silicose é a pneumoconiose mais frequente, decorrente da inalação de sílica ou de poeiras minerais contendo silicatos, caracterizada principalmente pela fibrose pulmonar de caráter irreversível. Está associada com o desenvolvimento de outras doenças, incluindo tuberculose pulmonar, câncer pulmonar e doenças autoimunes. A doença do tecido conjuntivo posterior à exposição à sílica ocorre geralmente após 15 anos do início da exposição. A síndrome de Erasmus refere-se ao desenvolvimento de esclerose sistêmica em indivíduos previamente expostos à sílica e que apresentavam ou não silicose. Os autores relatam dois casos de pacientes com diagnóstico de silicose que desenvolveram esclerose sistêmica.

The silicosis is the pneumoconiosis more frequent, resulting from the inhalation of silica or silicates containing mineral dust, mainly characterized by irreversible lung fi brosis. It is associated with the development of other diseases, including pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer and autoimmune diseases. The connective tissue disease after exposure to silica occurs usually after 15 years of initial exposure.The Erasmus syndrome describes the association of systemic sclerosis following exposure to silica with or without silicosis. The authors report two cases of patients with diagnosis of silicosis who developed systemic sclerosis.

Etiopatogenia de la esclerosis sistémica progresiva / Etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis

La esclerosis sistémica progresiva (ESP) es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica del tejido conectivo. Se caracteriza por una alteración vascular inicial, una respuesta inmune alterada con producción de autoanticuerpos y un exceso de síntesis y depósito de fibras de colágeno en la piel y tejido conectivo. La activación y el daño endotelial son eventos tempranos en la patogenia de la enfermedad; sin embargo, el factor gatillante continúa siendo desconocido. Se piensa que el evento principal sería la interacción entre eventos autoinmunes y cambios vasculares tempranos, lo cual resulta en la generación de fibroblastos activados considerados como las células efectoras de la enfermedad. Se reconocen dos subgrupos clínicos de ESP: la variedad cutánea limitada y la variedad cutánea difusa, las cuales presentan distintos patrones de compromiso orgánico, autoanticuerpos, evolución y sobrevida.

Progressive systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of connective tissue. It is characterized by early vascular changes, altered immune response with production of auto-antibodies, and excessive synthesis and deposition of collagen fibers in the skin and connective tissue. Activation and endothelial cell damage are early events in the pathogenesis of the disease, but the precise triggering event(s) remain elusive. The main event would be the interaction between autoimmune events early vascular changes, resulting in the generation of activated fibroblasts, regarded as effector cells of the disease. There are two major subgroups of SSc, the limited cutaneous and the diffuse cutaneous variety, which have distinct patterns of organ involvement, self-auto-antibodies, evolution and survival.

Miocardiopatía restrictiva y comunicación interauricular en un paciente con esclerodermia / Restrictive cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect in a patient with scleroderma

Se presentó un paciente con esclerodermia que se diagnosticó a partir de las manifestaciones cardiovasculares de la enfermedad: palpitaciones, disnea de esfuerzo, inflamación de manos y pies e incluso la cara. Clínicamente se manifestó fenómeno de Raynaud y litiasis renal. Eléctricamente, fibrilación auricular de respuesta rápida y por la ecocardiogiografia, patrón de miocardiopatia restrictiva, hipertensión pulmonar y comunicación interauricular tipo fosa oval

A patient was reported with a diagnosis of scleroderma based on the cardiovascular manifestations of the disease: palpitation, exertional dyspnea, swelling of the hands and feet and even the face. Clinical manifestations were Raynaud's phenomenon and renal lithiasis. Electrically, rapid response atrial fibrillation, and ecocardiogiographically, a pattern of restrictive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension and fossa ovalis atrial septal defect

Esclerose sistêmica difusa grave: relato de caso em homem / Severe diffuse systemic sclerosis: a case report in man

Homem de 64 anos se apresentou no serviço de emergência relatando espessamento progressivo da pele, lombalgia, disfagia e lesões necróticas dolorosas em quirodáctilos. Foi feito o diagnóstico de esclerose sistêmica difusa grave, com insuficiência renal crônica, fibrose pulmonar e miocardiopatia secundárias a esclerodermia. São discutidas a manifestação grave dessa doença, suas complicações e apresentação no sexo masculino.

A 64-year-old male presented at the emergency unit complaining of progressive hardening of the skin, lumbago, dysphagia and painful necrotic lesions in the fingers. He was diagnosed with severe diffuse systemic sclerosis and chronic kidney failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and myocardiopathy secondary to scleroderma. Here we discuss the severe manifestation of this disease, its complications, and its presentation in the male sex.

Curso de Reumatologia: aula 4: manifestações gastrointestinais nas colagenoses / Course of Rheumatology: class 4: gastrointestinal manifestations in collagenosis

O termo colagenose, surgido em 1942, é hoje substituído por doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo, que se constituem em um grupo de moléstias que afetam o tecido conjuntivo, rico em colágeno. São enfermidades que podem comprometer vários sistemas e múltiplos órgãos, sendo, portanto, de caráter sistêmico. O objetivo desta aula é discutir as manifestações gastrointestinais e sua abordagem terapêutica. Serão focadas algumas doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo, a saber: esclerose sistêmica, lúpis eritematoso sistêmico, dermatopolimiosite e Sjõgren.

The term "collagen diseases" was first introduced by Klemperer in 1942, and is currently been called connective tissue diseases. All the organ and systems are both affected by them, so that's why it can be called systemic diseases. The aim of this lesson is to discuss gastrointestinal manifestations and its therapeutic approach, while it will be detailed the connective tissue diseases like systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyositis and Sjõgren's syndrome.

Inmunopatogenia de la esclerosis sistémica / Immunopathology of systemic sclerosis

La esclerosis sistémica corresponde a una compleja enfermedad autoinmune, caracterizada por anormalidades en la vasculatura así como por remodelación anormal del tejido conectivo. La sobreproducción de matriz extracelular por los fibroblastos resulta de la interacción anormal entre las células endoteliales, mononucleares (linfocitos y monocitos) y fibroblastos, en un ambiente de hiperreactividad vascular e hipoxia vascular. Muchos autoanticuerpos han sido identificados en el suero de estos pacientes; algunos de ellos son específicos de la enfermedad, como los anticuerpos anti-centrómeros en la esclerodermia limitada, y los anti-topoisomerasa 1 y anti-RNA polimerasa 1 y III en la de tipo difusa. El rol patogénico de éstos permanece aún incierto. Sin embargo, factores genéticos, ambientales y posiblemente alorreactivos pueden contribuir a la susceptibilidad de la enfermedad.

Systemic sclerosis (SSe) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by vascular abnormalities and pathological remodelling of connective tissues. Extracelular matrix overproduction by fibroblasts results from abnormal interactions among endothelial cells, mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) and fibroblasts, in a setting of vascular hyperreactivity and tissue hypoxia. Many autoantibodies have been identified in the sera of 5Sc patients; some of them are specific to the disease, such as anti-centromere antibodies in limited SSe, and lnti-topoisomerase 1 and anti-RNA polymerase 1 and fIl antibodies in diffuse SSe. Their pathogenetic role( s) remain( s) uncertain. However, genetic, environmental and, possibly, alloreactive factors might also contribute to disease susceptibility.

Esclerodermia lineal Estudio de 55 pacientes. Análisis de 5 fenotipos cutáneos / Study of 55 patients. Analysis of 5 cutaneous phenotypes

Introducción: la esclerodermia lineal forma parte de la esclerodermia localizada y se caracteriza por una lesión lineal indurada y pigmentada en diferentes partes del cuerpo, más frecuente en miembros inferiores, pero también observada en región frontoparietal, brazos y otras localizaciones. En este trabajo definimos los diferentes fenotipos cutáneos de la esclerodermia lineal y analizamos su evolución a largo plazo. Material y Métodos: estudiamos 55 pacientes con esclerodermia lineal, desde junio de 1984 hasta diciembre de 2004. Todos los pacientes tuvieron una historia clínica, examen físico y laboratorios al inicio y durante el seguimiento. Los pacientes se dividieron arbitrariamente en cinco grupos de acuerdo a la región afectada así: Grupo I: cara y cuello, Grupo II: tórax y abdomen, Grupo III: miembros superiores, Grupo IV: miembros inferiores, Grupo V: hemicuerpo izquierdo. La severidad se estableció de acuerdo a la extensión y compromiso del tejido celular subcutáneo y se dividió en leve, moderado y severo. Resultados: se incluyeron 55 pacientes. El cuadro clínico se caracterizó por el compromiso de diversos planos tisulares a lo largo de las extremidades, el tronco, la cara o el cuero cabelludo. Las lesiones estaban organizadas en bandas de esclerosis con depresión del tejido comprometido; se distribuían de manera lineal y se asociaban en algunos casos con alteraciones de la pigmentación. Conclusiones: la esclerodermia lineal se expresa en cinco fenotipos, el I, se presenta a edad más temprana y podría corresponder a un defecto celular intrínseco, los otros 4 fenotipos corresponderían a un defecto adquirido y por ello la aparición más tardía. La patogénesis no es clara y requiere mayores estudios

Esclerose sistêmica associada à silicose pulmonar: relato de caso / Silica-associated systemic sclerosis: a case report

Os autores descrevem o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino que desenvolveu esclerose sistêmica rapidamente progressiva 22 anos após início de exposição prolongada à sílica. O paciente desenvolveu quadro de fibrose interscticial pulmonar, associado à calcificação de linfonodos hilares, com presença de sílica fagocitada por macrófagos no lavado broncoalveolar. Os autores discutem a associação de esclerose sistêmica e sílica, analisando diferentes casuísticas da literatura.

Esclerodermia en infantes, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes: revisión bibliográfica / Escleroderma in infants, young adolescents and adults: bibliographical overhaul

Presenta una revisión bibliográfica haciendo un enfoque desde un punto de vista nosológico de la esclerodermia durante la infancia, adolescencia y en los adultos jóvenes. Damos comienzo con su definición, seguimos con su epidemiología, etiopatogenia e histopatología, hacemos un recuento bastante más pormemorizado de sus manifestaciones clínicas y evolución, continuamos con los principales datos de laboratorio, proponemos algunas orientaciones para su diagnóstico, abordamos los principales diagnósticos diferenciales y ponemos énfasis en los principales esquemas de manejo y tratamiento; finalizamos con su pronóstico.

Esclerodermia / Scleroderma

Os autores realizaram breve revisao da esclerodermia,salientando topicos de maior interesse dermatologico:definicao,epidemiologia,clinica,histopatologia cutanea,exames complementares,diagnostico diferencial,prognostico e tratamento.