Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: a systematic review

Introduction: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is characterized by anterior knee pain, which may limit the performance of functional activities. The influence of hip joint motion on the development of this syndrome has already been documented in the literature. In this regard, studies have investigated the effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patients with PFPS. Objectives: The aims of this systematic review were (1) to summarize the literature related to the effects of hip muscle strengthening on pain intensity, muscle strength, and function in individuals with PFPS and (2) to evaluate the methodological quality of the selected studies. Method: A search for randomized controlled clinical trials was conducted using the following databases: Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PEDro, LILACS, and SciELO. The selected studies had to distinguish the effects of hip muscle strengthening in a group of patients with PFPS, as compared to non-intervention or other kinds of intervention, and had to investigate the following outcomes: pain, muscle strength, and function. The methodological quality of the selected studies was analyzed by means of the PEDro scale. Results: Seven studies were selected. These studies demonstrated that hip muscle strengthening was effective in reducing pain. However, the studies disagreed regarding the treatments' ability to improve muscle strength. Improvement in functional capabilities after hip muscle strengthening was found in five studies. Conclusion: Hip muscle strengthening is effective in reducing the intensity of pain and improving functional capabilities in patients with PFPS, despite the lack of evidence for its ability to increase muscle strength. .

Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana: revisão dos casos de convulsões acidentais / Transcranial magnetic stimulation: review of accidental seizures

A Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana (no original, TMS, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) é uma nova técnica que tem sido utilizada para o tratamento de transtornos neuropsiquiátricos, principalmente depressão. É um tratamento que utiliza um aparelho estimulador que cria um campo magnético variável no tempo, aplicado sobre o crânio através de uma bobina de estimulação. O principal risco deste tratamento são as convulsões acidentais. A TMS é utilizada na maior parte dos estudos com estímulos subliminares. Convulsões podem ocorrer acidentalmente, especialmente quando os estímulos ultrapassam os parâmetros de segurança. Neste artigo, é feita uma detalhada revisão dos oito casos em que houve convulsões acidentais com o uso da TMS. Também são descritos os possíveis mecanismos de indução das convulsões e as características dos pacientes com maior risco de convulsões acidentais.

Aforismos homeopáticos / Aphorism homeophatics

Se presentan 33 aforismos que expresan aspectos doctrinarios propios de la homeopatía, los cuales deben ser tomados en cuenta por el médico homeópata en su práctica cotidiana