Surfactant protein-A: new insights into an old protein--II.

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the lungs and helps reduce surface tension. Surfactant associated protein-A (SP-A) is the most abundant non-serum protein in pulmonary surfactant. This complex glycoprotein aids in the synthesis, secretion and recycling of surfactant phospholipids, and facilitates the reduction of surface tension by surfactant phospholipids. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of SP-A in the innate immune system present in the lung. SP-A may play a major role in defense against pathogens by interacting with both infectious agents and the immune system. Factors that affect fetal lung maturation, e.g. gestational age and hormones regulate SP-A gene expression. Mediators of immune function also regulate SP-A levels. A number of lung disorders, including infectious diseases and respiratory distress syndrome are associated with abnormal alveolar SP-A levels. SP-A can no longer be called a lung-specific protein, since it has recently been detected in other tissues. In most species, SP-A is encoded by a single gene, however in humans it is encoded by two, very similar genes. Models for the structure of the human SP-A protein molecule have been proposed, suggesting that the mature alveolar SP-A molecule is composed of both gene products. The study of SP-A may provide information helpful in understanding disease processes and formulating new treatment modalities.

Surfactant protein-A: new insights into an old protein--Part I.

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the lungs and helps reduce surface tension. Surfactant associated protein-A (SP-A) is the most abundant non-serum protein in pulmonary surfactant. This complex glycoprotein aids in the synthesis, secretion and recycling of surfactant phospholipids, and facilitates the reduction of surface tension by surfactant phospholipids. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of SP-A in the innate immune system present in the lung. SP-A may play a major role in defense against pathogens by interacting with both infectious agents and the immune system. Factors that affect fetal lung maturation, e.g., gestational age and hormones, regulate SP-A gene expression. Mediators of immune function also regulate SP-A levels. A number of lung disorders, including infectious diseases and respiratory distress syndrome are associated with abnormal alveolar SP-A levels. SP-A can no longer be called a lung-specific protein, since it has recently been detected in other tissues. In most species, SP-A is encoded by a single gene, however in humans it is encoded by two, very similar genes. Models for the structure of the human SP-A protein molecule have been proposed, suggesting that the mature alveolar SP-A molecule is composed of both gene products. The study of SP-A may provide information helpful in understanding disease processes and formulating new treatment modalities.

Proteínas pulmonares asociadas a sustancias con actividad surfactante7 / Pulmonary proteins associated to substances with surfactant activity

La ausencia de surfactantes pulmonares trae como consecuencia el incremento de la tensión superficial a lo largo del epitelio alveolar, provocando un colapso alveolar y la lisis de las células epiteliales. Este proceso culmina con la aparición de un síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria, que es la causa principal de morbimortalidad en niños prematuros. Recientemente, la aplicación de mezclas de agentes surfactantes con fines terapéuticos ha constituido un gran apoyo para la terapia respiratoria, ya que permite una evolución más rápida de los niños que padecen este síndrome. Por todo esto, resulta de gran importancia el conocimiento más detallado de la función, el metabolismo y la regulación de la expresión genética de las proteíinas surfactantes, para el diseño de nuevas y mejores estrategias terapéuticas para combatir este síndrome