O singular no plural II: o analista e a multidão / Singular in plural II: the analist and the mob

A disseminação das manifestações de massa no Brasil, a partir de agosto de 2012, foram o ponto de partida para este artigo onde considero algumas ideias de Elias Canetti sobre o assunto em paralelo a contribuições psicanalíticas sobre fenômenos similares. Tento estabelecer um tipo de diálogo entre esses dois conjuntos de ideias.

The spreading of mass manifestations in Brazil from august 2012 onwards was the starting point of this paper where I bring into consideration a few ideas by Elias Canetti on the issue alongside with psychoanalytic contributions on similar phenomena. A sort of dialogue is established between these two sets of ideas.

Effects of crowding and sex on fecal cortisol levels of captive forest musk deer

BACKGROUND: Restricted space and close contact with conspecifics in captivity may be stressful for musk deer, as they are highly territorial and solitary in the wild. So we tested the effects of crowding on stress of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in heterosexual groups, using fecal cortisol analysis as a non-invasive method. 32 healthy adults during non-breeding seasons were chose as our experimental objects. Group 1 was defined as higher crowding condition, with 10-15 m²/deer (6 enclosures, 10♀ and 6♂); group 2 was defined as lower crowding condition, with 23-33 m²/deer (6 enclosures, 1010♀ and 6♂). Every enclosure contained 1 male and 3 female. These patterns had been existed for years. RESULTS: The results showed that females in lower crowding condition (217.1 ± 9.5 ug/g) had significantly higher fecal cortisol levels than those in higher crowding condition (177.2 ± 12.1 ug/g). Interestingly, crowding seemed have no effect on male fecal cortisol levels (148.1 ± 9.1 ug/g and 140.5 ± 13.3 ug/g, respectively). At both groups, cortisol was significantly lower in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that chronic crowding may affect stress status of captive forest musk deer. The captive environment should consider the space need for musk deer.

Indoor pollution and its effect on the pregnancy outcome in cluster and non cluster areas

Indoor pollution is one of the causes of death and disease in the world's poorest countries. Indoor pollution remains a silent and unreported killer, women and children are the most at risk. Smoke rising from stoves and fires inside homes is associated with million deaths per year in developing countries. Indoor air pollution is caused by poor water/ sanitation/ hygiene/ ventilation/ housing conditions. This study was aiming to evaluate the effect of indoor pollution on the pregnancy outcome in cluster and non cluster areas. The study aim was achieved through assessing the pregnant women socio-demographic characteristics, Assessing indoor environment and assessing the pregnant women [pre and postnatal] as well as the newborn. The study was conducted at Ain shames maternity university hospital the MCH Center at EL Dowika Maternal and Child Health Center, Manshiat Naser Maternal and Child Health Center [cluster areas] and El Daher Maternal and Child health Center [non cluster area] and at homes through home visits, started in November 2006 and was completed by Feb. 2008 study design: a descriptive comparative study, Sample type: a purposeful sampling. The selected sample included 200 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester, 100 in each group,. The study revealed an increased level of exposure to indoor pollution, increased level of CO and blood lead of the pregnant women in the cluster area more than the non cluster area. Increased complications during pregnancy, labor and increased adverse newborn outcomes as prematurity, stillbirth, SIDS, congenital malformation were more frequent in cluster areas than non- cluster areas. There were correlations between exposure to indoor pollution and adverse effect on women and newborn outcomes in both cluster and non cluster areas. The study recommended educational programs for the pregnancy women in MCH centers about indoor pollution and its effect on health

Effect of acute and chronic conditions of over-crowding on free choice ethanol intake in rats.

Male albino rats of Wistar strain were exposed to overcrowding stress in two different groups for a period of seven days. One group of rats was kept under stress for six hours per day (acute stressed group) and the other group rats was kept under stress continuously (chronic stressed group). The effect of these acute and chronic stresses on voluntary alcohol (2% w/v) intake was monitored during the 7 days of stress exposure, and ethanol preference and total ethanol intake in terms of g/kg body weight were also studied. A significant increase in ethanol preference and ethanol intake was observed in one-day and 7 days chronic stressed group. No significant increase in ethanol intake was observed in acute stress. Thus a short lasting stressor may not increase ethanol-drinking behavior, whereas when animals were exposed to more intense stressor continuously for 7 days, an increase in voluntary drinking behavior may be seen.

Voluntary alcohol drinking & caloric intake in rats exposed to crowding stress.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Alcohol intake in animals is regulated in much the same way as intake of food. The effect of alcohol on feeding behaviour is not well documented. The objective of this study was to test whether alcohol was ingested as a source of calories after crowding stress in rats. METHODS: Male albino rats were exposed to crowding stress continuously for two weeks and the effect of stress on the body weight, food intake, voluntary alcohol consumption and caloric intake in terms of food and alcohol was studied. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the body weight was seen after one (P < 0.05), 7 and 14 days (P < 0.01) of stress compared to controls. Food intake decreased significantly (P < 0.01) after one day of stress and there was recovery after 7 days stress. Absolute alcohol intake (g/kg body weight) increased significantly (P < 0.001) after one day of stress. Prolonged stress for two weeks significantly (P < 0.01) increased the alcohol consumption. Total caloric intake in stressed rats decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after acute stress. After 14 days, stressed rats showed significant (P < 0.001) increase in total caloric intake compared to day one. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Crowding stress decreased the body weight gain throughout the period of stress. Chronic stress for two weeks increased the voluntary alcohol consumption and total caloric intake. Food intake alone seemed insufficient to provide the extra demand of energy due to prolonged stress and hence, the rats may be drinking increasing amounts of alcohol (when provided) to supply the extra energy required to combat stress.

Comunicación y Salud / Communication and Health

Producto de nuestras observaciones y vivencias pudimos constatar que en las horas de visita los familiares de los pacientes se aglomeraban en las estaciones de enfermería, constatación que fué el orígen de la pregunta que nos permitió realizar nuestra investigación...