Tromboembolismo pulmonar asociado a COVID-19 en paciente con síndrome de May-Thurner / COVID-19-associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Patient with May-Thurner Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de May-Thurner es una enfermedad cuya prevalencia real es desconocida. Suele ser asintomática y las manifestaciones clínicas aparecen en el contexto de las complicaciones asociadas a la enfermedad. La aproximación diagnóstica se realiza por medio de imágenes, donde se identifican alteraciones patognomónicas que permiten descartar diagnósticos diferenciales. Se ha demostrado que la COVID-19 genera un estado protrombótico, que en contexto del síndrome de May-Thurner puede derivar en complicaciones tromboembólicas. Objetivo: Comparar la clínica y la posible relación de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en el curso de la COVID-19 en pacientes con SMT. Caso clínico: Mujer de 24 años, secretaria de profesión y residente en Bucaramanga. Presentó un cuadro clínico de 20 días de evolución que inició con rinorrea hialina, tos ocasional y mialgias; cinco días después manifestó fiebre no cuantificada y tos con expectoración hemoptoica. Conclusiones: Dentro de la fisiopatología de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 se desarrollan mecanismos procoagulantes, lo cual incrementa el riesgo de eventos trombóticos en pacientes con o sin factores de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: May-Thurner syndrome is a disease whose actual prevalence is unknown. It is usually asymptomatic and clinical manifestations appear in the context of complications associated with the disease. The diagnostic approach is performed by imaging, where pathognomonic alterations are identified to rule out differential diagnoses. It has been demonstrated that COVID-19 generates a prothrombotic state, which particularly in patients with May-Thurner syndrome would lead to thromboembolic complications. Objective: To compare the clinical and possible relationship of venous thromboembolic disease in the course of COVID-19 in patients with May-Thurner syndrome. Clinical case: 24-year-old woman, secretary by profession and resident in Bucaramanga, Colombia. She presented a clinical picture of 20 days of evolution that began with hyaline rhinorrhea, occasional cough and myalgias; five days later she manifested unquantified fever and cough with hemoptotic expectoration. Conclusions: Within the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, procoagulant mechanisms develop, which increases the risk of thrombotic events in patients with or without risk factors(AU)

O caminho das pedras no diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome obstrutiva ilíaca venosa crônica / Best practices in diagnosis and treatment of chronic iliac vein obstruction

Resumo A obstrução venosa ilíaca ocorre em 20% a 30% da população. Nos portadores de insuficiência venosa crônica grave, essa prevalência é ainda maior, podendo chegar a 50% a 90% dos pacientes, situação em que essa obstrução é investigada pelo ultrassom intravascular. Métodos diagnósticos menos invasivos, como o Doppler vascular, ou mesmo invasivos, como a flebografia, podem falhar em seu diagnóstico. O tratamento endovascular dessas obstruções tem se demonstrado eficaz, seguro e associado a excelente resultado clínico e de perviedade, desde que princípios anatômicos e técnicos fundamentais sejam considerados e aplicados.

Abstract Iliac vein obstruction occurs in 20-30% of the general population. In patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency, this prevalence can be even higher, reaching 50-90% when the obstruction is investigated using intravascular ultrasound. Less invasive methods, such as venous Duplex Scanning, and even invasive ones such as venography may fail to diagnose the condition. Endovascular treatment of these obstructions is effective, safe, and associated with excellent clinical outcomes and stent patency rates, provided that fundamental anatomical and technical principles are considered and applied.

Trombo flutuante em veias profundas de membro inferior e síndrome de May-Thurner: relato de caso / Free-floating thrombus in lower limb deep veins and May-Thurner syndrome: case report

Resumo O trombo flutuante no sistema venoso profundo manifesta elevado potencial de embolização pulmonar. Pode também ser encontrado em pacientes com trombose venosa superficial (TVS) com extensão para uma veia profunda. Os tratamentos descritos na literatura, ainda sem critérios definidos, variam desde anticoagulação e tratamentos fibrinolíticos com implantes de filtros de veia cava, trombectomias abertas ou com dispositivos endovasculares até condutas mais invasivas como a interrupção cirúrgica com ligadura do sistema venoso. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com trombose venosa profunda extensa, acometendo o território ilíaco-fêmoro-poplíteo com um trombo flutuante estendendo-se da veia ilíaca comum esquerda até a veia cava inferior. O tratamento foi realizado com terapia fibrinolítica com um cateter multiperfurado, associado a anticoagulação com heparina e a controles angiográficos diários. Ao final do tratamento, foi identificada uma estenose significativa na veia ilíaca comum esquerda, sendo realizada angioplastia com implante de stent.

Abstract Free-floating thrombus in the deep venous system has a high potential to cause pulmonary embolization. It can also be found in patients with superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) that extends to a deep vein. There are still no defined criteria for treatments described in the literature, which range from anticoagulation and fibrinolytic treatments with vena cava filter implants, through open or endovascular thrombectomies, to more invasive procedures such as surgical interruption with ligation of the venous system. We present the case of a patient with extensive deep venous thrombosis affecting the iliofemoral-popliteal territory with a floating thrombus extending from the left common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava. Treatment was performed with fibrinolytic therapy delivered with a multiperforated catheter, supplemented with anticoagulation with heparin and daily control angiography. At the end of the treatment, a significant stenosis was identified in the left common iliac vein, and angioplasty was performed with stenting.

Prevalência de compressão da veia ilíaca esquerda em imagens tomográficas de uma população / Prevalence of left iliac vein compression on computed tomography scans from a population

Resumo Contexto A síndrome de May-Thurner (SMT) é a compressão da veia ilíaca esquerda (VIE) entre a artéria ilíaca direita e o corpo vertebral associada à hipertensão venosa crônica unilateral no membro inferior esquerdo. Porém, o achado tomográfico da compressão não necessariamente se reflete em sintomas. Objetivos Avaliar o achado de compressão da veia ilíaca esquerda em tomografias realizadas por outros motivos. Métodos Angiotomografias ou tomografias computadorizadas (TCs) com fase venosa foram analisadas. Foram coletados os dados demográficos e o motivo do exame, quando presente, e foi analisada a relação do diâmetro da veia ilíaca esquerda no ponto de maior compressão com um ponto a montante. Resultados De janeiro a julho de 2016, 590 tomografias foram analisadas, sendo 357 de mulheres e 233 de homens. A compressão da VIE ocorreu em 87 (14,74%) pacientes, dos quais 74 (85,05%) eram mulheres e 13 (14,9%) homens. O diâmetro médio do ponto de maior compressão entre os pacientes que apresentavam VIE < 5 mm foi de 4,4 mm, variando de 2,67 mm a 4,97 mm. O diâmetro no ponto de maior compressão representou até metade do diâmetro na última imagem justaposta ao corpo vertebral (índice de 0,5) em 179 (30,3%) dos pacientes. Conclusões Nosso estudo sugere que a ocorrência de compressão da VIE em TC de pacientes aleatórios, sem conhecimento de insuficiência venosa crônica ou TVP em MIE, é comum. Isso mostra que o achado tomográfico de compressão não necessariamente resulta em sintomas e não deve ser a única razão para tratar um paciente.

Abstract Background May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is defined as compression of the left iliac vein between the right iliac artery and the lumbar vertebral body in the presence of signs and symptoms of unilateral left chronic venous insufficiency. However, imaging findings of compression are not manifest in symptoms of the syndrome in all subjects. Objectives To evaluate findings of compression in an asymptomatic population. Methods Computed tomography angiographies or venous phase computed tomographies were analyzed. Demographic data and reason for the exam were recorded. Vein diameter was measured at the site of greatest compression and distal of the compression and the ratio between the two diameters was calculated. Results From January to July of 2016, 590 computed tomography scans were analyzed (357 women and 233 men). Left iliac compression was found in 14.74% of patients. Patients with a left iliac diameter below the 5mm threshold had a mean diameter at the site of greatest iliac vein compression of 4.4 mm (range: 2.67 mm-4.97 mm). The ratio between the two measurements was < 0.5 in 30% of patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that iliac vein compression is common among random patients who have had computed tomography for any other reason. This indicates that compression found on tomography images is not the only finding to consider when treating a patient.

Compressões das veias renal e ilíaca comum esquerdas em tomografias computadorizadas: com que frequência são detectadas? / Compression of left renal vein and left common iliac vein on CT scans: how often are they detected?

Resumo Contexto As síndromes de nutcracker e May-Thurner são raras e, apesar de muitas vezes subdiagnosticadas, podem causar sintomas limitantes de gravidade variável. Frequentemente são consideradas diagnóstico de exclusão e não há consenso na literatura quanto a prevalência, incidência e critérios diagnósticos. Objetivos Estimar a frequência da compressão das veias ilíaca comum e renal esquerdas em tomografias computadorizadas de abdome e pelve. Métodos Estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal. Para veia renal esquerda, foram considerados como critérios de compressão a relação diâmetro hilar/aortomesentérico > 4 e o ângulo aortomesentérico < 39° e, para veia ilíaca comum esquerda, o diâmetro < 4 mm. Resultados Foram analisadas tomografias computadorizadas de 95 pacientes; destes, 61% eram mulheres e 39% eram homens. A compressão da veia renal esquerda foi encontrada em 24,2% da amostra, com idade média de 48,8 anos, ocorrendo em 27,6% das mulheres e 18,9% dos homens (p = 0,3366). A compressão da veia ilíaca comum esquerda foi detectada em 15,7% da amostra, com idade média de 45,9 anos, ocorrendo em 24,10% das mulheres e 2,7% dos homens (p = 0,0024). Em 7,4% dos pacientes, ambas compressões venosas foram detectadas. Conclusões A compressão da veia renal esquerda ocorreu em mulheres e homens com frequência semelhante, enquanto a compressão da veia ilíaca comum esquerda foi mais frequente em mulheres. Ambas as compressões venosas foram mais frequentemente encontradas em pacientes com idade entre 41 e 50 anos.

Abstract Background The nutcracker and May-Thurner syndromes are rare and, although often underdiagnosed, they can cause limiting symptoms. They are frequently considered only after exclusion of other diagnoses and there is no consensus in the literature on prevalence, incidence, or diagnostic criteria. Objectives To estimate the frequency of compression of the left common iliac vein and left renal vein in CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis. Methods Descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study. The criteria used to define compression of the left renal vein were a hilar/aortomesenteric diameter ratio > 4 and aortomesenteric angle < 39° and the criterion for compression of the left common iliac vein was a diameter < 4mm. Results CT scans of 95 patients were analyzed; 61% were women and 39% were men. Left renal vein compression was observed in 24.2% of the sample, with a mean age of 48.8 years, occurring in 27.6% of the women and 18.9% of the men (p = 0.3366). Compression of the left common iliac vein was detected in 15.7% of the sample, with a mean age of 45.9 years, occurring in 24.1% of the women and 2.7% of the men (p = 0.0024). Both veins were compressed in 7.4% of the patients. Conclusions Left renal vein compression was detected in women and men at similar frequencies, whereas left common iliac vein compression was more frequent in women. Both venous compressions were most frequently found in patients aged 41 to 50 years.

Embolia cerebral como presentación atípica de síndrome de May Thurner

El síndrome de May-Thurner es una anormalidad anatómica que consiste en la comprensión cronica de la vena iliaca común izquierda, entre la arteria ilíaca común derecha y la columna vertebral, que puede predisponer a la trombosis venosa profunda. Es una entidad rara, y es infrecuente que provoque una embolia paradojal cerebral. Se presenta el caso de una isquemia cerebral de origen embólico, en un varón de 30 años, luego de actividad sexual. Los estudios realizados revelaron síndrome de May-Thurner asociado con un foramen oval permeable y una trombofilia por factor V de Leiden. Fue tratado con anticoagulantes orales y no ha presentado recurrencias.

May-Thurner syndrome is an anatomic abnormality that predisposes patients to increase risk of paradoxical embolism and stroke. It consists of chronic compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery and lumbar spine. This may lead to deep venous thrombosis and paradoxical embolism that could provoke cerebral ischemia in patients with a cardiac shunt from right-to-left. Embolic cerebral ischemic event is reported in a 30-year-old man after sexual intercourse. Further studies revea led suggestive findings of May-Thurner syndrome coupled with a patent foramen ovale and a factor V Leiden thrombophilia. He was placed on anticoagulation therapy and has not had any recurrent events.

Endovenous Intervention of May-Thurner Syndrome with Thrombus beyond Iliac Vein Stenosis

PURPOSE: With the increase in the incidence of venous thrombosis, interest in May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) accompanying iliac vein compression has increased. Some patients with MTS have inferior vena cava thrombosis or thrombosis beyond iliac vein stenosis (TBIVS). This study aimed to identify the characteristics of MTS with TBIVS including pulmonary embolism (PE) and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) compared to those of MTS without TBIVS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with deep vein thrombosis associated with MTS were treated between March 2012 and February 2016. Demographic data, medical history, computed tomography findings (iliac vein size of stenosis and stenotic ratio compared with the other side), and clinical outcomes (preoperative PE and PTS) were retrospectively collected and reviewed by dividing into groups with or without TBIVS. RESULTS: Eight of the 35 patients with MTS had TBIVS. The group with TBIVS had a statistically significantly greater iliac vein size (P<0.001) and ratio (P=0.001). PE was more prevalent in the group with TBIVS (63% vs. 15%, P=0.007). However, no statistically significant intergroup difference in PTS prevalence was found. CONCLUSION: The presence of mild iliac vein stenosis in MTS can be used to predict TBIVS and the requirement for more attention to PE.

Efficacy of integrated minimally invasive treatment for iliac vein compression syndrome with varicose veins of lower extremities / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the efficacy of integrated minimally invasive surgery for iliac vein compression syndrome with varicose veins of lower extremities.@*METHODS@#From January 2017 to January 2018, 11 patients with iliac vein compression syndrome accompanied by varicose veins of lower extremities underwent left iliac vein stent implantation and radiofrequency thermal ablation of lower extremity veins in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The left iliac vein stent was implanted through the puncture point approach of the main great saphenous vein, and then radiofrequency thermal ablation of the main saphenous vein was performed. Rivaroxaban and aspirin were administered from the day of surgery for 6 months and 12 months, respectively. After discharge, patients were followed up for more than 6 months. The lower extremity veins, iliac veins were reexamined by Doppler ultrasound or CT angiography at 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after surgery.@*RESULTS@#The operations were successfully performed in 11 patients, and no complication was observed during the operation. The rates of soreness and swelling remission, pigmentation and skin quality improvement, and the iliac vein stent patency were 100%. No varicose vein recurrence, iliofemoral vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were found.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Integrated minimally invasive surgery is safe, effective and less invasive for iliac vein compression syndrome with varicose veins of lower extremities.

Presentación atípica de síndrome infrecuente: absceso como inicio de síndrome de May-Thurner / Atypical presentation in an uncommon syndrome: abscess as debut of May-Thurner syndrome

Resumen Objetivo Presentar un caso de inicio atípico de síndrome de May-Thurner, enfermedad vascular poco frecuente. Caso clínico Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 23 años con absceso de pie izquierdo y extenso edema de dicha extremidad. El dímero D y la ecotomografía doppler color venosa descartan evento trombótico agudo. El estudio complementario con angioTC objetiva compresión del origen de la vena ilíaca común izquierda, presencia de venas colaterales y diferente grado de insuficiencia venosa en dicha extremidad, hallazgos compatibles con el síndrome de May-Thurner. Conclusión El síndrome de May-Thurner representa una causa inusual y de presentación variable en enfermedad venosa de extremidad inferior izquierda en mujeres jóvenes.

ABSTRACT Aim To present a case of an atypical debut of May-Thurner syndrome, uncommon vascular disease. Case report We report a case of a 23 year old female with an abscess of the left foot and extensive edema of the left lower limb. D-Dimmer test and Venous Doppler ultrasound discards an acute trombotic event. Further studies with CT angiogram concludes the compression in the origin of the left common iliac vein compatible with May-Thurner syndrome. Conclusion May-Thurner syndrome represent an uncommon and variable cause of venous disease of the left lower limb in young female patients.

Síndrome de May Thurner con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico y foramen oval permeable / May Thurner syndrome with ischemic cerebrovascular accident and permeable oval foramen

La asociación de accidente cerebral isquémico con foramen oval permeable, no ha sido extensamente estudiada, y frecuentemente el sitio de origen de la embolia no se detecta a pesar de los estudios de rutina. Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven con accidente cerebral vascular isquémico y foramen oval permeable en el contexto de síndrome de May Thurner. El síndrome de May Thurner es una entidad poco estudiada en la literatura médica y además se lo ha relacionado poco con accidente cerebral vascular isquémico, pero en pacientes con foramen oval permeable sin evidencia de la fuente embolígena, es interesante descartarlo como causa de embolia paradojal.

The association of cerebral ischemic attack with patent foramen ovale has not been extensively studied, and frequently the site of origin of embolism is not detected despite routine studies. We present the case of a young patient with ischemic stroke and permeable oval foramen in the context of May Thurner syndrome. The May Thurner syndrome is an entity scarcely studied in the medical literature and it has also been infrequently related to ischemic vascular cerebral accident, but in patients with permeable oval foramen without evidence of the emboligen source, it is interesting to rule it out as a cause of paradoxical embolism.

Tratamento endovascular de trombose venosa profunda associada à Síndrome de May-Thurner / Endovascular treatment of deep venous thrombosis related to May-Thurner syndrome

A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) é a causa mais frequente e mais evitável de óbitos intra-hospitalares em todo o mundo. Descreve-se, neste relato, paciente feminina, de 43 anos de idade, que desenvolveu TVP em membro inferior esquerdo sem, aparentemente, fatores de risco associados. O diagnóstico de TVP aguda em mulher adulta ou adulta-jovem, sobretudo à esquerda, inclui a possibilidade de se associar com a variação anatômica da Síndrome de May-Thurner, o que torna menos adequado o seu tratamento isolado e conservador com anticoagulantes, uma vez que não aborda a sua causa base. Nesta situação clinico-cirúrgica, é necessária intervenção cirúrgica para retirar a compressão mecânica extrínseca da veia ilíaca comum esquerda pela artéria ilíaca comum direita, como revelada neste relato, por intermédio da angioplastia transluminal percutânea com colocação de stent auto-expansível. Este relato alerta para a importância da busca de diagnóstico etiopatogênico correto para a decisão terapêutica apropriada, o que permite a abordagem mais efetiva e condizente com a melhor recuperação e retorno à higidez. (AU)

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most frequent and most preventable cause of in-hospital deaths worldwide. We described in this report a 43-year-old female patient who developed DVT in the lower left limb without apparently associated risk factors. The diagnosis of acute DVT in an adult or young adult woman, especially on the left, includes the possibility of being associated with the anatomical variation of the May-Thurner Syndrome, which makes her isolated and conservative treatment with anticoagulants less suitable, because does not address its underlying cause. In this clinical-surgical situation, surgical intervention is required to remove the extrinsic mechanical compression of the left common iliac vein by the common iliac artery, as revealed in this report, through percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with selfexpanding stent placement. This report alerts to the importance of the correct etiopathogenic diagnostic search for the appropriate therapeutic decision, which allows the most effective approach, consistent with the best recovery and return to health. (AU)

Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with left iliac vein compression syndrome: presentation of difficult diagnosis

Abstract: Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis of unknown etiology, of which the most frequent clinical manifestations are ulcers. The diagnosis difficulty is, among other things, to rule out other causes of ulcers, since it is considered a diagnosis of exclusion. Skin ulcerations may also occur in the iliac vein compression syndrome, which, like pyoderma gangrenosum, mainly affects young women. Because they have such similar characteristics, the presence of vascular disease may hinder the diagnosis of concurrent pyoderma gangrenosum. Because of the clinical relevance of ulcerated lesions and scars, the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition is considered extremely important. We report a case in which the two diseases were associated, hampering the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum.

A Case of May-Thurner Syndrome with Extensive Deep Vein Thrombosis and Extraperitoneal Hematoma from Spontaneous Utero-ovarian Vein Rupture

May-Thurner syndrome, also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, is an anatomically variable condition that is characterized by left common iliac vein compression by the right common iliac artery and the lumbar vertebra. This chronic and pulsatile venous compression by the right common iliac artery can cause local intimal injury, inflammation, scarring, and fibrosis, leading to venous outflow obstruction and increased intraluminal pressure. This can cause several complications, such as venous insufficiency, venous claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and very rarely extraperitoneal hematoma due to spontaneous iliac vein rupture. In particular, in middle aged women, hormonal imbalance coupled with these mechanical and inflammatory factors can cause further weakening of the venous wall integrity and develop spontaneous and potentially lethal venous rupture. This paper reports an extremely rare case of a 58-year-old woman with May-Thurner syndrome with acute and extensive deep vein thrombosis of the left lower extremity and a spontaneous extraperitoneal hematoma caused by utero-ovarian vein rupture.

Síndrome de May-Thurner como diagnóstico diferencial en trombosis a repetición / May-Thurner syndrome as a differential diagnosis in recurrent thrombosis

El síndrome de May-Thurner es una anomalía anatómica que genera insuficiencia venosa y episodios trombóticos recurrentes de los miembros inferiores. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 29 años, con cuadro de trombosis venosas profundas en miembros inferiores a repetición desde los 20 años, sin factores de riesgo identificados, en quien se realizan estudios de extensión para neoplasia y trombofilia con resultados negativos, además de estudios para patología reumatológica con anticuerpos antinucleares (ANAS) positivo a títulos bajos como único hallazgo, con lo que se hace diagnóstico de enfermedad del tejido conectivo no diferenciado y se instaura manejo con anticoagulación plena; sin embargo, ante la persistencia de eventos trombóticos se realiza angio-TAC, la cual reporta obstrucción de la vena ilíaca izquierda, por lo cual se realiza una venografía más cavografía documentándose obstrucción de la vena ilíaca externa izquierda y la común estableciéndose el diagnóstico de síndrome de May-Thurner, el cual debe considerarse dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de los episodios trombóticos recurrentes.(Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 67-70).

The May-Thurner syndrome is an anatomic abnormality generating venous insufficiency and recurrent thrombotic episodes of lower limbs. The case of a 29 years old patient with clinical picture of recurrent deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs since the age of 20 years is presented. No risk factors were identified; extension studies for neoplasia and thrombophilia were performed with negative results, as well as studies for rheumatic disease with positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) at low titers as unique finding, being diagnosed as undifferentiated connective tissue disease and management with full anticoagulation is established. However, at the persistence of thrombotic events, an angio-CT which reports obstruction of the left iliac vein and the common vein is performed whereby a venography and cavography are done establishing the diagnosis of May Thurner syndrome, which should be considered within the differential diagnosis of recurrent thrombotic events. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 67-70).

Incidence and Risk Factors of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Asymptomatic Iliac Vein Compression: A Prospective Cohort Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may be associated with iliac vein compression. Up to now, the majority of data has come from a retrospective study about the correlation between DVT and iliac vein compression. This prospective study was to determine the incidence of DVT in individuals with iliac vein compression and identify risk factors predictive of DVT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 500 volunteers without symptoms of venous diseases of lower extremities and overt risk factors of deep venous thrombosis between October 2011 and September 2012 in Shijitan Hospital were enrolled in this cohort study. All the participants underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) to evaluate iliac vein compression. Baseline demographic information and degree of iliac vein compression were collected. They were categorized into ≥50% or <50% iliac vein compression group. Ultrasound examination was performed to screen DVT at the time of CT examination and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the examination. Primary event was DVT of ipsilateral lower extremity. Correlation between DVT and iliac vein compression was estimated by multivariate Logistic regression after adjusting for age, gender, malignancy, surgery/immobilization, chemotherapy/hormonal therapy, and pregnancy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 500 volunteers, 8.8% (44) had ≥50% iliac vein compression and 91.2% (456) had <50% iliac vein compression. Ipsilateral DVT occurred in six volunteers including two in iliofemoral vein, two in popliteal vein, and two in calf vein within 1 year. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of DVT was 6.8% in ≥50% compression group, significantly higher than that in <50% compression group (0.7%) (χ2 = 12.84, P = 0.01). Patients with malignancy had significantly higher incidence of DVT than those without malignancy (χ2 = 69.60,P< 0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression indicated that iliac vein compression and malignancy were independent risk factors of DVT. After adjustment for malignancy, patients with ≥50% iliac vein compression had 10-fold increased risk of developing DVT (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 10.162, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.149-89.865, P = 0.037). In subgroup analysis, patients with malignancy and ≥50% iliac vein compression had 12-fold increased the risk of DVT than those without malignance and ≥50% compression (RR = 12.389, 95% CI: 2.327-65.957, P = 0.003).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Iliac vein compression is common, but the incidence of DVT is low. Only individuals with ≥50% iliac vein compression or compression combined with other risk factors might have significantly increased the risk of DVT. Further study is recommended to improve prevention strategies for DVT in significant iliac vein compression.</p>

Iliac vein compression syndrome: literature review / Síndrome de compressão da veia ilíaca: revisão de literatura

Iliac vein compression syndrome is a clinical condition in which the right common iliac artery extrinsically compresses the left common iliac vein. The syndrome predominantly affects young women between their 2nd and 4th decades of life. In view of the syndrome's potential complications, it should be recognized/diagnosed and treated in symptomatic patients before it causes irreversible damage to patients' venous systems. Noninvasive methods, such as venous color Doppler US are reasonable screening methods, but angiotomography and magnetic resonance angiography are more reliable diagnostic tools and the method of choice for confirmation of diagnosis remains multi-plane phlebography with measurement of pressure gradients. Endovascular treatment (angioplasty with placement of self-expanding stents) is safe and effective and can replace open surgical reconstruction and/or anticoagulation alone...

A Síndrome de Compressão da Veia Ilíaca (SCVI) é uma situação clínica na qual a artéria ilíaca comum direita comprime extrinsecamente a veia ilíaca comum esquerda. Há uma predominância em mulheres jovens, entre a segunda e a quarta décadas de vida. Levando-se em consideração as complicações potenciais da síndrome, esta deve ser reconhecida/diagnosticada e tratada, em pacientes sintomáticos, antes que cause alterações irreversíveis no sistema venoso do paciente. Métodos não invasivos, como o US-Doppler colorido, quando realizados por examinadores experientes, são métodos de triagem razoáveis; porém, a angiotomografia e a angiorressonância são mais fidedignas. O método de escolha para a confirmação diagnóstica consiste na flebografia, em múltiplas incidências, com aferição de gradientes pressóricos. O tratamento endovascular (angioplastia com colocação de stent autoexpansível) é seguro e efetivo, podendo substituir a reconstrução cirúrgica aberta e/ou a anticoagulação isolada...

Hybrid operation for acute left leg deep venous thrombosis secondary to left iliac vein compression syndrome: analysis of 36 cases / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the surgical techniques for acute left deep venous thrombosis (LDVT) secondary to left iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six patients with acute LDVT secondary to IVCS received inferior vena cava filter placement, and in 2 of the cases, stent implantation was canceled for acute episode of obsolete DVT. The remaining 34 patients underwent left femoral venotomy for iliofemoral thrombectomy with Fogarty catheter and distal femoral vein thrombus removal by sequential compression of the legs, followed by implantation of stent-graft (2 cases) or bare-metal stents (32 cases) in the left common iliac veins. With routine anticoagulation and thrombolytic treatments, the patients were regularly examined for postoperative blood flow in the affected limb.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2 of the cases undergoing bare-metal stent implantation, the residue thrombi were squeezed into the stent by balloon, which was managed subsequently with local thrombolysis. One patient with bare-metal stent implantation received a secondary stenting for posterior stent displacement. Three patients had self-limited bleeding due to decreased serum FBG. Significant improvements were achieved at 3, 6, 30 and 180 days postoperatively in the circumferences of the affected limb (P<0.05) and in the levels of D-dimer (P=0.011), and FBG level showed no significant variations (F=1.163, P=0.345). The total rate of excellent outcomes was 83.3% (26/34) with a total effective rate of 91.2% (31/34) in these cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Thrombectomy to revascularize the inflow tract and stent implantation to enlarge stenosed iliac veins are key issues in treatment of acute LDVT secondary to IVCS.</p>