Role of bilirubin as antioxidant in neonatal jaundice and effect of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel on experimentally induced jaundice in rat.

Bilirubin above a threshold level is toxic to human system and is excreted in urinary and through gastrointestinal tract. The role of bilirubin as antioxidant is debatable. This paper aims at elucidating the role of bilirubin as an antioxidant in neonatal jaundice patients. It is observed that bilirubin up to 6 mg/dl in blood acts as an antioxidant and above 12.5 mg/dl is strongly prooxidant. Phototherapy is the accepted therapeutic management of neonatal jaundice and has been shown to enhance the oxidative stress. Approaches have been taken to formulate a herbal medication which will reduce bilirubin level in the neonates without inducing additional damages. The ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, administered orally at a dose of 72 microg is found to reduce the oxidative stress in erythrocytes of phenylhydrazine-induced jaundiced rats treated with phototherapy.

Influência da terapia com espironolactona sobre níveis sangüíneos de tiamina em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca / Influence of spironolactone therapy on thiamine blood levels in patients with heart failure

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos do manejo não-farmacológico da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) têm sido muito escassos. A importância de micronutrientes como tiamina há muito é conhecida, uma vez que sua deficiência está associada com o desenvolvimento de IC de alto débito. OBJETIVO: Nós estudamos a relação entre adicionar à inibição da ECA uma supressão adicional da aldosterona com espironolactona e níveis sangüíneos de tiamina (pmol/ml). MÉTODOS: Um total de 22 pacientes (pc) com IC (classes III/IV da NYHA) foi dividido em dois grupos [grupo I - espironolactona 25mg/dia (n=11) e grupo II - sem espironolactona (n=11)]. Determinamos os níveis de tiamina pelo uso da atividade da transcetolase eritrocitária. Os grupos foram comparados com relação à ingesta alimentar, demografia, doses de furosemida e níveis sangüíneos de tiamina, usando os testes de Mann-Whitney e t de Student. Analisamos as proporções com testes de qui-quadrado e de Kruskal-Wallis para associarmos a tiamina com fatores demográficos e usamos as doses de furosemida como variáveis dependentes. RESULTADOS: Os grupos I e II eram similares em relação à ingesta alimentar, doses diárias de furosemida (110,9±30,2 e 105,5±26,9 mg, respectivamente; p>0,05), demografia (etiologia, idade, hipertensão, diabete, tabagismo, abuso de álcool, dislipidemia e tratamento adjuvante da IC com drogas). Os pacientes do grupo I mostraram níveis de tiamina significativamente superiores, comparados com aqueles do grupo II (277,2±89,8 e 154,7±35,7, respectivamente) (p<0,001). Nenhuma das variáveis dependentes citadas acima estava associada com a tiamina. CONCLUSÃO: Em uma coorte de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC tratados com alta dose de diuréticos de alça, o uso de espironolactona está associado com níveis sangüíneos superiores de tiamina. A importância deste achado ainda deverá ser estabelecida por estudos futuros com desenho prospectivo e amostras maiores.

BACKGROUND: The nonpharmacological management of heart failure (HF) has been understudied. The importance of micronutrients such as thiamine has long been known since its deficiency is associated with the development of high-output HF. OBJECTIVE: We studied the relationship between adding to ACE inhibition further aldosterone suppression with spironolactone and thiamine blood levels (pmol/ml). METHODS: A total of 22 patients (pts) with HF (NYHA III/IV) were divided in two groups [group I-spironolactone 25mg/qd (n=11) and group II - no spironolactone (n=11)]. Thiamine levels were determined using the erythrocyte transketolase activity. The groups were compared regarding food intake, demographics, furosemide doses and thiamine blood levels using Mann-Whitney and student's T-test. The proportions were analyzed with Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests to associate thiamine with demographics and furosemide doses as dependent variables. RESULTS: Group I and II were similar regarding food intake, daily furosemide doses (110.9±30.2 and 105.5±26.9 mg, respectively; p>0.05), demographics (etiology, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol abuse, dyslipidemia and adjuvant drug HF treatment). Pts in group I showed significantly higher thiamine levels when compared to pts in group II (277.2±89.8 and 154.7±35.7, respectively) (p<0.001). None of the dependent variables cited above were associated with thiamine. CONCLUSION: In a cohort of ambulatory HF patients on high dose of loop diuretics, the use of spironolactone is associated with higher thiamine blood levels. The significance of this finding remains to be established by future studies with prospective design and larger sample sizes.

isolation of enzyme transketolase from human erythrocytes: the characterization of its quaternary structure

Human erythrocyte transketolase [sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glycolaldehyde transferase, E. C. 2.2.1.1.] has been isolated from erythrocytes with a specific activity of 59.84 U/mg. SDS-PAGE and SE-.HPLC were used both as a measure of purity and as a preparative mean to obtain a higher degree of purity. Four protein bands corresponding to molecular weights of 32,000, 39,000, 43,000 and 60,000 were obtained in electrophoresis and SE-HPLC preparations. Activity measurements on the two fractions obtained from SE-HPLC that contained a monomer with the molecular weight of 32,000 and a dimeric fraction with the molecular weight of 60,000 showed that the monomeric form of the enzyme displays activity in the presence and absence of the TPP and Mg[II]. This activity was measured to be 14.76 U/mg in the absence of TPP and Mg[II], and 40.24 U/mg in the presence of the cofactors. The dimeric form showed an activity of 58.84 U/mg in the presence of the cofactors