Molecular prevalence of trichomonad species from pet shop puppies and kittens in Japan / Molecular prevalência de espécies trichomonas em filhotes de cães e gatos de pet shop no Japão

Abstract Pentatrichomonas hominis and Tritrichomonas foetus (cat genotype) have been commonly identified as intestinal trichomonads in both dogs and cats. Although P. hominis is considered as non-pathogenic protozoa in many kinds of mammals, it has the potential for zoonotic transmission. T. foetus has been recognized as the emerging causative agent of diarrhea in cats without the risk of zoonotic transmission. As pet shops are the major source of young companion animals, the present study discusses the molecular prevalence of P. hominis and T. foetus from 544 pet shop puppies and 409 kittens. The results suggest that the prevalence of P. hominis (puppies: 7.0%; kittens: 0.5%) and T. foetus (puppies: 0%; kittens: 2.4%) in pet shop young animals are low. In addition, the infections of P. hominis and T. foetus are not always associated with the clinical signs (soft or diarrhea feces).

Resumo Pentatrichomonas hominis e Tritrichomonas foetus (genótipo de gato) têm sido comumente identificados como trichomonas intestinais em cães e gatos. Apesar de P. hominis ser considerado como protozoário não patogênico em muitos tipos de mamíferos, tem potencial para transmissão zoonótica. Enquanto o T. fetus foi reconhecido como o agente causador emergente de diarreia em gatos sem o risco de transmissão zoonótica. Devido às lojas de animais serem as principais fontes de filhotes de animais domésticos, o presente estudo discute a prevalência molecular e/ou o potencial zoonótico de P. hominis e T. foetus em 544 filhotes de cachorro e 409 gatos de "pet shop". Os resultados sugerem que a prevalência de P. hominis (cães: 7,0%; gatos: 0,5%) e T. foetus (cães: 0%; gatos: 2,4%) em animais jovens de "pet shop" é baixa. Além disso, as infecções de P. hominis e T. foetus nem sempre estão associadas aos sinais clínicos (fezes moles ou diarreia).

Molecular Characterization of Various Trichomonad Species Isolated from Humans and Related Mammals in Indonesia

Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human infection. Twenty-one strains of trichomonads isolated from humans (5 isolates), pigs (6 isolates), rodents (6 isolates), a water buffalo (1 isolate), a cow (1 isolate), a goat (1 isolate), and a dog (1 isolate) were collected in Indonesia and molecularly characterized. The DNA sequences of the partial 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or 5.8S rRNA gene locus with its flanking regions (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1 and ITS2) were identified in various trichomonads; Simplicimonas sp., Hexamastix mitis, and Hypotrichomonas sp. from rodents, and Tetratrichomonas sp. and Trichomonas sp. from pigs. All of these species were not detected in humans, whereas Pentatrichomonas hominis was identified in humans, pigs, the dog, the water buffalo, the cow, and the goat. Even when using the high-resolution gene locus of the ITS regions, all P. hominis strains were genetically identical; thus zoonotic transmission between humans and these closely related mammals may be occurring in the area investigated. The detection of Simplicimonas sp. in rodents (Rattus exulans) and P. hominis in water buffalo in this study revealed newly recognized host adaptations and suggested the existence of remaining unrevealed ranges of hosts in the trichomonad species.

Protozoarios en aguas superficiales y muestras fecales de individuos de poblaciones rurales del municipio Montes, estado Sucre, Venezuela / Protozoans in superficial waters and faecal samples of individuals of rural populations of the Montes municipality, Sucre state, Venezuela

En el estado Sucre, el Río Manzanares se ve amenazado por actividades domésticas, agrícolas e industriales originadas por el hombre, convirtiéndose en factor de riesgo ambiental para sus habitantes. En este sentido se planteó evaluar la presencia de protozoarios en aguas superficiales de afluentes del Río Manzanares (Río Orinoco, Quebrada Seca, Río San Juan), municipio Montes, estado Sucre, Venezuela, así como también el análisis de muestras fecales de los habitantes de poblados aledaños. Se recolectaron muestras de aguas superficiales de los afluentes en estudio y fecales entre mayo 2006-abril 2007. Las muestras de aguas superficiales se procesaron con sedimentación por centrifugación, floculación y tinciones de Kinyoun y tricrómica; las muestras fecales se sometieron a examen directo con solución salina fisiológica y lugol, Ritchie modificado y las coloraciones antes mencionadas. Los protozoarios observados con mayor frecuencia en las aguas superficiales en los afluentes fueron: Amebas, Blastocystis sp., Endolimax sp., Chilomastix sp. y Giardia sp. Mientras que Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana y Entaomeba coli fueron los de mayor frecuencia observada en las muestras fecales. Los habitantes de Orinoco La Peña resultaron ser los más afectados por las infecciones parasitarias (77,60%), seguido de Río San Juan con 46,63%, y Quebrada Seca con 39,49%. La presencia de protozoarios patógenos y no patógenos en las aguas superficiales demuestra la contaminación fecal de los afluentes evaluados, por lo que representa un foco de infección permanente para los individuos que viven en las cercanías de estas aguas, esto se refleja por la observación de los mismos parásitos en ambas muestras.

In Sucre state, the Manzanares river is threatened by domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, becoming an environmental risk factor for its inhabitants. In this sense, the presence of protozoans in superficial waters of tributaries of the Manzanares river (Orinoco river, Quebrada Seca, San Juan river), Montes municipality, Sucre state, as well as the analysis of faecal samples from inhabitants of towns bordering these tributaries were evaluated. We collected faecal and water samples from may 2006 through april 2007. The superficial water samples were processed after centrifugation by the direct examination and floculation, using lugol, modified Kinyoun and trichromic colorations. Fecal samples where analyzed by direct examination with physiological saline solution and the modified Ritchie concentration method and using the other colorations techniques above mentioned. The most frequently observed protozoans in superficial waters in the three tributaries were: Amoebas, Blastocystis sp, Endolimax sp., Chilomastix sp. and Giardia sp. Whereas in faecal samples, Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana and Entaomeba coli had the greatest frequencies in the three communities. The inhabitants of Orinoco La Peña turned out to be most susceptible to these parasitic infections (77.60%), followed by San Juan River (46.63%) and Quebrada Seca (39.49%). The presence of pathogenic and nonpathogenic protozoans in superficial waters demonstrates the faecal contamination of the tributaries, representing a constant focus of infection for their inhabitants, inferred by the observation of the same species in both types of samples.

PCR Detection and Molecular Characterization of Pentatrichomonas hominis from Feces of Dogs with Diarrhea in the Republic of Korea

Pentatrichomonas hominis is considered a commensal protozoan in the large intestine of a number of mammalian hosts, such as cats, dogs, and non-human primates. The resulting infections, which can induce diarrhea, have been attributed to opportunistic overgrowth of P. hominis. This study was performed to confirm the P. hominis infection and its molecular characterization from the feces of puppies with diarrhea. Fecal samples were obtained from 14 German shepherd puppies with diarrhea over 1 week (7 females and 7 males, 2-9 months of age) residing on a dog farm in August 2007. Species-specific PCR assay identified P. hominis 18S rRNA genes in 3 of the 14 puppies (1 female and 2 males; 1 aged 2 months and 2 aged 9 months). This phylogenetic analysis established that P. hominis belonged to the 1st clade, which is comprised of Bos taurus and Felines.

Cochlosoma Infection in a Turkey in Iran

Cochlosoma sp. infection was identified in a single case among 60 stunted diarrheic native turkey poults, Meleagris galopavo. A large number of the flagellated parasites was found free or within the intervillous spaces of the jejunum, ileum and cecum. Moderate enteritis was associated with the parasites. In TEM studies of the parasagittal sections of the parasite, a prominent ventral sucker like disc and flagella emerging from an opening on the ventrodorsal surface of the pyriform uninuclear parasite were found. The morphological characteristics of this protozoan match with those described for Cochlosoma anatis. The parasite could be considered as an intestinal pathogenic protozoan causing stunting and diarrhea in turkeys in Iran.

Efficacy of bio-clean for control of some ecto-parasites infesting Oreochromisniloticus in aquaculture

In the present study, attempts were made to observe the clinical signs of naturally infested Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus] with ectoparasites of the ciliated Trichodina and aquatic leeches [Glossiphonia spp.]. The prevalence of both parasites were 100% and 30%, respectively. The histopathological investigations revealed sever inflammation with inflammatory cells infiltration in skin as well as coagulative necrosis [Zenker's necrosis] and edema of the muscle bundles. Significance of biological control measures using the Bio-clean product [FER Mone-2/3] [a biological mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki [BTK] and Beauveria bassiana [B.b]] as a new method to eradicate such parasites was evaluated. The half lethal concentration [LC50] was 85 mg/L/48 hours. The Bio-clean product was safe to treat Trichodina spp. infestation in fish farms at a dose of 25 mg/L. On the other hand, this product was not suitable for treatment of leeches [Glossiphonia spp.] due to its effective dose [40 mg/L] was narrow safety margin

Modification and adaptation in semi-defined media for cultivation of flagellate tetratrichomonas didelphidis, trichomonadidae trichomonadinae, from the didelphis marsupialis

Tetratrichomonas didelphidis (Hegner and Ratcliffe, 1927) Andersen and Reilly, 1965 is a flagellate protozoan from the intestine, cecum, and colon of didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758. The parasite was found and isolated in the rectal glands in Pavlova starch-containing media in Florianópolis, SC, Brasil from D. marsupialis