Habitação, saúde e meio ambiente em conflito no Distrito Federal: a Vila Santa Luzia em perspectiva / Housing, health and environmental conflicts in Brazil: Vila Santa Luzia in perspective

Resumo Neste artigo discute-se as correlações entre habitação, meio ambiente e saúde na comunidade da Vila Santa Luzia, no Distrito Federal. O objetivo geral do trabalho é conhecer as percepções, interpretações e representações da amostra de um grupo de moradores e líderes comunitários acerca das referidas vinculações. Em termos teóricos, o projeto fundamentou-se no enfoque da promoção da saúde e habitação saudável. Metodologicamente, os dados foram coletados com a técnica da entrevista. O principal resultado alcançado sugere que existe disposição entre as partes para alcançar uma resolução satisfatória, razoável e republicana ao conflito em questão. A conclusão do texto assinala que a experiência socioambiental e sanitária da Vila Santa Luzia é relevante e significativa, quer em termos empíricos, quer em termos analíticos (políticas públicas).

Abstract The article discusses the correlations between housing, environment and health in the Vila Santa Luzia community, Federal District, Brazil. It purports to investigate the perceptions, interpretations and representations of residents and community leaders about such correlations based on health promotion and healthy housing theoretical framework. Data were collected by means of interviews. Results point to a willingness between the parties to reach a satisfactory, reasonable and republican resolution for the conflict in question. In conclusion, the socio-environmental and health experience of Vila Santa Luzia is relevant and significant, both in empirical and analytical (public policies) terms.

Efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad: Revisión sistemática / Effect of exercise on the memory of overweight or obese older adults: Systematic review

RESUMEN La obesidad y el sobrepeso en adultos mayores se asocia con un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cognitivas, lo que contribuye a la disminución del rendimiento funcional. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar el efecto del ejercicio en la memoria de adultos mayores con obesidad o sobrepeso. La metodología utiliza las palabras MESH: Población = envejecido, sobrepeso, obesidad; Intervención = ejercicio; Comparación = grupo control; Resultado = memoria; Diseño: ensayo clínico aleatorio. Buscando hasta diciembre de 2021 en: PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE Y MEDLINE. Se identifican 6.832 artículos. Se analizan cinco estudios, con 214 participantes. El índice de masa corporal medio es 28,6 ± 1,1 kg/m2 y el Mini mental medio inicial es 23,6 ± 2,1 puntos. La intervención con ejercicio es de doce a veintiséis semanas. En el modelo de efectos aleatorios el ejercicio mejora el Mini mental medio en MD = 2,6 puntos (1,7 a 3,4) p < 0,01. Heterogeneidad (87,7 %). El ejercicio mejora la función cognitiva (memoria) en adultos mayores con sobrepeso u obesidad.

ABSTRACT Obesity and overweight in older adults are associated with an increased risk of cognitive diseases, contributing to decreased functional performance. The objective of this review is to analyze the effect of exercise on memory in older adults with obesity or overweight. The methodology uses the words MESH: Population = aged, overweight, obesity; Intervention = exercise; Comparison = control groups; Result = Memory; Design: randomized controlled trial. Searching until December 2021 in PUBMED, SCIELO, BVSALUD, LILACS, TRIP DATABASE, and MEDLINE. Six thousand eight hundred thirty-two items are identified. We analyzed five studies with 214 participants. The mean body mass index is 28.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2, and the initial average Mini mental is 23.6 ± 2.1 points. The intervention with exercise is from twelve to twenty-six weeks. In the random-effects model, exercise improves the mean Mini Mental by MD = 2.6 points (1.7 to 3.4) p < 0.01. Heterogeneity (87.7 %). Exercise improves cognitive function (memory) in older adults who are overweight or obese.

Seroprevalencia y estimación del impacto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en personas mayores residentes en centros de larga estadía en Chile / Seroprevalence and estimation of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in older adults residing in Long-term Care Facilities in Chile

INTRODUCTION: Older adults are at a higher risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19. This vulnerability increases in those who live in long-term care facilities due to overcrowding, greater physical dependence, and contact with health workers. Evidence on the impact of the pandemic on these establishments in lowand middle-income countries has been scant. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in older people residing in long-term care facilities and estimate the impact of infection after the first wave of the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional design with 2099 residents in three regions of Chile was carried out between September and November 2020. Measurement of antibodies was performed with a rapid test. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection was estimated with seropositive residents, those who had a history of positive polymerase chain reaction tests, and those who died from COVID-19. Bivariate analysis with the region, sex, age, history of COVID-19, physical dependence, and serological results were performed. In addition, we performed a correlation analysis between the seroprevalence of the centers by the municipality and the rate of confirmed cases. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the three regions was 14.7% (95% confidence interval: 13.2 to 16.3%), the infection impact was 46.4%, and the fatality rate was 19.6%. A significant correlation was found between the seroprevalence of older adults residing in long-term care facilities and the cumulative incidence by municipalities. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of older adults residing in long-term care facilities was higher than the general population. The high impact of infection among this population at the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is similar to other countries. The centers' environment is directly related to COVID-19 infection. Morbidity and mortality monitoring systems should be implemented promptly to establish prevention and control measures.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las personas mayores tienen más riesgo de enfermar gravemente y fallecer por COVID-19. Esta vulnerabilidad aumenta en quienes viven en establecimientos de larga estadía, debido a hacinamiento, mayor dependencia física y contacto con los trabajadores. La evidencia sobre el impacto de la pandemia de estos establecimientos en países de medianos y bajos ingresos ha sido escasa. El objetivo es determinar la seroprevalencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en personas mayores que residen en establecimientos de larga estadía. Así como estimar el impacto global de la infección después de la primera ola de la pandemia. MÉTODOS: Diseño transversal con 2099 residentes en tres regiones de Chile, realizado entre septiembre y noviembre 2020. Anticuerpos fueron medidos con test rápido contra SARS-CoV-2. Se estimó el impacto de la infección con los residentes seropositivos, los residentes con antecedentes de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa positiva, y residentes que murieron por COVID-19. Análisis bivariado entre el resultado serológico y región, sexo, edad, antecedentes de COVID-19 y dependencia física fueron realizados. Además, realizamos un análisis de correlación entre la seroprevalencia de los centros por municipio y la tasa acumulada de casos confirmados. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos en las tres regiones fue 14,7% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 13,2 a 16,3%). El impacto real de la infección se estimó en 46,4% y la tasa de letalidad en 19,6%. La seroprevalencia de los residentes de los centros por comuna se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con la frecuencia de la enfermedad a nivel comunal. CONCLUSIONES: Seroprevalencia superior a la de la población general, observándose un alto impacto de la infección por COVID-19 al final de la primera ola de la pandemia. El lugar en el que se encuentran los establecimientos está directamente relacionado con la tasa de seroprevalencia en ellos. Sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica deben aplicarse con prontitud para establecer medidas de prevención y control.

COVID-19 en el adulto mayor: características clínicas e impacto sobre la salud mental / COVID-19 in the elderly: clinical features and impact on mental health

El propósito de esta revisión fue analizar la literatura existente con el fin de identificar los principales aspectos de la en- fermedad ocasionada por el SARS-CoV-2, así como su impacto en la salud mental del adulto mayor y su relación con la mortalidad en esta población en riesgo. Se revisó la información a partir de artículos de revistas electrónicas a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Scopus y Google Scholar para el período julio 2020 a junio 2021. Entre los aspectos relevantes se encontró da- tos alarmantes, los pacientes con comorbilidades en este grupo de edad tenían 6 veces más probabilidad de ser hospitalizados y 12 veces más probabilidad de morir que una persona sin comorbili - dades. La salud mental es un importante factor en esta pandemia, se ha demostrado deterioro en estado general y enfermedades mentales debido a la ansiedad y aislamiento social secundario a la pandemia en este grupo...(AU)

Telerehabilitación en artroplastía de rodilla, alternativa terapéutica y desafío ético / Telerehabilitation in knee arthroplasty, therapeutic alternative and ethical challenge

Como una alternativa al tratamiento tradicional aplicado por kinesiólogos, terapeutas físicos o fisioterapeutas surge la telerehabilitación, que como campo emergente de la telemedicina, es definida como un conjunto de herramientas y procedimientos para desarrollar el proceso de rehabilitación de forma remota. Con cada vez mayor respaldo y evidencia, es utilizado en una amplia gama de afecciones clínicas, brindando una oportunidad para que las personas de zonas rurales y remotas obtengan consultoría y asesoramiento de alta calidad. Un foco de interés son las personas operadas con artroplastía de rodilla, que en su gran mayoría son adultos mayores, y que mientras se mantienen en terapia de rehabilitación cursan por un estado de fragilidad, demandan de la asistencia de familiares o cuidadores y deben asumir costos y tiempo extra para trasladarse a ser atendidos. Para ellos la telerehabilitación se considera una alternativa eficaz después del alta hospitalaria, dado que se obtienen resultados similares al tratamiento convencional en el estado funcional y el nivel de actividad física y al ser desarrollada con una supervisión clínica especializada reduce los costos de atención médica manteniendo una eficacia similar al tratamiento tradicional en el hogar o la clínica.

Acting as an alternative to the traditional treatment applied by kinesiologists, physical therapists or physiotherapists, telerehabilitation emerges, which as an emerging telemedicine field, is defined as a set of tools and procedures to develop the rehabilitation process remotely(1). With increasing support and evidence, it is used in a wide range of clinical conditions, providing an opportunity to people in rural and remote areas to obtain high-quality consulting and advice(2) A main point of interest is people who underwent knee arthroplasty, the vast majority of whom are older adults, and who, while they remain in rehabilitation therapy, are in a state of fragility, demand the assistance of family members or caregivers and must assume costs and extra time to travel to be seen. For them, telerehabilitation is considered an effective alternative after hospital discharge, since similar results are obtained to conventional treatment in functional status and level of physical activity(3) and, as it is developed with specialized clinical supervision, it reduces the costs of care maintaining an efficacy similar to traditional treatment at home or clinic.

Muestra de saliva para diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 por RT-qPCR en población ambulatoria / Saliva sample for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR in an outpatient population

En El Salvador a la fecha, la técnica utilizada por el sistema nacional de salud para la obtención de la muestra para realizar PCR para SARS-CoV-2 es hisopado nasofaríngeo, diferentes investigadores han descrito la muestra de saliva como una muestra biológica útil para la detección de SARS-Cov-2, por esta razón se observa la oportunidad de aplicarla como una alternativa disponible para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Evaluar la autotoma de muestra de saliva y secreción nasofaríngea por pacientes no hospitalizados como una alternativa de menor riesgo biológico y de menor costo que los hisopados nasofaríngeos convencionales. Se procesaron las muestras de una mezcla de saliva y secreción faríngea obtenida por carraspeo autotomada por el paciente; la amplificación se realizó por RT-qPCR de los genes E y RdRp. Las muestras positivas se reevaluaron desde su extracción para confirmar la estabilidad de material genético de SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva y secreción nasofaríngea. Resultados. El promedio de resultados positivos fue de 7,05 por cada 100 pruebas COVID-19 realizadas con hisopado, este resultado es similar al 8 % de positividad durante el mismo período de estudio utilizando como muestra saliva y secreción faríngea autotomada por el paciente. Las ocho muestras positivas mantuvieron su reactividad para los genes E y RdRp al primer, tercer y quinto mes posdiagnóstico inicial para los dos protocolos utilizados. De igual forma, los eluidos de ARN positivos iniciales se mantuvieron positivos al primer, tercer y quinto mes. Conclusión. La muestra de saliva y secreción faríngea y su utilización para el diagnóstico de infección por SARSCoV-2 podría ser una alternativa de bajo costo, no invasiva, al menos de igual utilidad que el hisopado nasofaríngeo para el estudio de población sintomática ambulatoria o con exposición a nivel comunitario

In El Salvador to date, the technique used by the national health system to obtain the sample to perform PCR for SARS-CoV-2 is nasopharyngeal swab, different researchers have described the saliva sample as a useful biological sample for the detection of SARS-Cov-2, for this reason the opportunity to apply it as an available alternative for the diagnosis of this disease is observed. To evaluate self-sampling of saliva and nasopharyngeal secretion by non-hospitalized patients as an alternative with lower biological risk and lower cost than conventional nasopharyngeal swabs. Samples of a mixture of saliva and pharyngeal secretion obtained by clearing the patient's throat were processed; amplification was carried out by RT-qPCR of the E and RdRp genes. Positive samples were re-evaluated from extraction to confirm the stability of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in saliva and nasopharyngeal secretion. Results. The average of positive results was 7.05 per 100 COVID-19 tests performed with swabs, this result is similar to the 8% positivity during the same study period using saliva and pharyngeal secretion self-collected by the patient as a sample. The eight positive samples maintained their reactivity for the E and RdRp genes at the first, third and fifth month after initial diagnosis for the two protocols used. Similarly, the initial positive RNA eluates remained positive at the first, third, and fifth months. Conclution. The sample of saliva and pharyngeal secretion and its use for the diagnosis of infection by SARSCoV-2 could be a low-cost, non-invasive alternative, at least as useful as the nasopharyngeal swab for the study of the outpatient symptomatic population or those with exposure to community level

Caracterización clínico-patológica y manejo de pacientes con mastitis granulomatosa crónica en un centro de alta complejidad / Clinicopathological characterization and management of patients with chronic granulomatous mastitis in a high complexity center

Introducción. La mastitis granulomatosa crónica es una enfermedad inflamatoria poco frecuente y con mayor incidencia en el sexo femenino. Su sintomatología y su presentación clínica causan gran ansiedad tanto en el paciente como en el personal médico, debido a su comportamiento similar al de la patología mamaria maligna. No hay una etiología clara ni un manejo terapéutico definido. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características clínico-patológicas, el tratamiento y la evolución de las pacientes con mastitis granulomatosa, durante el periodo de estudio. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico y manejo de trastorno inflamatorio de la mama no especificado (N61X), entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2019. Se encontraron 236 pacientes, se excluyeron 176 por no cumplir con el diagnóstico de mastitis granulomatosa crónica o por no tener un seguimiento adecuado. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de evolución, comparando la respuesta que se obtuvo con cada tratamiento. Resultados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes femeninas que presentaron manifestaciones variadas. El 38,3 % (n=23) recibieron manejo antibiótico, el 30 % (n=18) fue tratado con corticoides, el 8,3 % (n=5) recibió antibióticos más corticoides y se realizó manejo expectante en el 16,6 % (n=10). El 6,6 % (n=4) de los pacientes fueron llevados a cirugía. Discusión. La mejor respuesta y la menor tasa de recidiva se encontró en las pacientes que fueron sometidas a observación y en aquellas que recibieron corticoides

Introduction. Chronic granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease with a higher incidence in females. Its symptoms and its clinical presentation cause great anxiety both in the patient and in the medical personnel, due to its behavior similar to that of malignant breast disease. There is no clear etiology or defined therapeutic management. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical-pathological characteristics, treatment and evolution of the patients with granulomatous mastitis, during the study period. Methods. Retrospective study in which the medical records of patients with diagnosis and management of unspecified inflammatory disorder of the breast (N61X) were reviewed, between January 2010 and December 2019. Two-hundred-thirty-six patients were found, 176 were excluded for not complying with the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous mastitis or for not having an adequate follow-up. The sociodemographic, clinical and evolution characteristics were evaluated, comparing the response obtained with each treatment. Results. Sixty female patients who presented varied manifestations were included, of which 38.3% (n=23) received antibiotic treatment, 30% (n=18) were treated with steroids, 8.3% (n=5) received antibiotics plus steroids, expectant management was performed in 16, 6% (n = 10), and 6.6% (n=4) of the patients were taken to surgery.Discussion. The best response and the lowest recurrence rate were found in patients who were observed and in those who received steroids

Primeras seis secuencias del genoma completo de SARS-CoV-2 por NGS en El Salvador / First six sequences of the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome by NGS in El Salvador

En este trabajo se describen las primeras secuencias completas del genoma de SARS-CoV-2 a partir de muestras de pacientes salvadoreños. Objetivo. Reportar las primeras secuencias completas del genoma del SARS-CoV-2 de casos procedentes de El Salvador. Metodología. Se realizó una secuenciación masiva en la plataforma MiniSeq Illumina a partir de muestras de secreción nasofaríngea. Resultados. El análisis filogenético determinó que estas muestras pertenecen al clado 20C secundario de 20A que tiene en común la variante de la mutación D614G de la glicoproteína espícula. La mutación S: D614G fue encontrada en las seis secuencias de SARS-CoV-2. En la plataforma GISAID, las secuencias mostraron pertenecer al clado GH linaje pangolín B.1.2 y B.1.370; ambos linajes están presentes en Estados Unidos. Conclusión. El análisis filogenético evidenció que estas seis muestras pertenecen al clado 20C, clado secundario de 20A, que tiene en común la variante de la mutación D614G de la glicoproteína espícula

This work describes the first complete sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 genome from samples of Salvadoran patients. Objective. Report the first complete sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 genome from cases from El Salvador. Methodology. Massive sequencing was performed on the MiniSeq Illumina platform from samples of nasopharyngeal secretion. Results. Phylogenetic analysis determined that these samples belong to the secondary 20C clade of 20A which has in common the variant of the spike glycoprotein D614G mutation. The S: D614G mutation was found in all six SARS-CoV-2 sequences. In the GISAID platform, the sequences were shown to belong to the clade GH pangolin lineage B.1.2 and B.1.370; both lineages are present in the United States. Conclusion. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these six samples belong to clade 20C, a secondary clade of 20A, which has in common the variant of the spike glycoprotein D614G mutation

Análisis de la mutación D614G en secuencia del genoma completo de SARS-CoV-2 en El Salvador / Analysis of the D614G mutation in the sequence of the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome in El Salvador

El 18 de marzo se reporta el primer caso de infección por SARS- CoV-2 confirmado en El Salvador y durante el mes de octubre de 2020 se logra secuenciar el genoma de SARS-CoV-2 a partir de muestras obtenidas en el país. Objetivo. Analizar in silico las mutaciones detectadas en las secuencias aisladas en El Salvador. Metodología. Se utilizó la plataforma SOPHiA-DDM-V5.7.10., para la determinación de las variantes por mutaciones con sentido erróneo. Se utilizó la plataforma Nexclade beta v0.8.1.; se visualizó y comparó la proteína S silvestre (D614: PDB ID: 6VXX) y de la variante mutada (D614G: PDB ID: 6XS6). Para el modelamiento y generación de imágenes de los detalles moleculares de las proteínas se utilizó Pymol-v1.7.2.3. Resultados. Los cristales de la proteína S silvestre y mutada muestra diferencias a nivel molecular, incluyendo la pérdida de interacciones entre el residuo G614 del dominio S1 y la treonina 859 de dominio S2, favoreciendo de esta manera la conformación abierta de la proteína S, la cual es necesaria para la interacción de S con el receptor ACE2. Conclusión. Los hallazgos confirman el predominio de la variante D614G en este grupo de secuencias, lo cual probablemente favorece su transmisibilidad, que puede explicarse por la configuración de los sitios de unión con receptor ACE2. El predominio mundial de la D614G y las evidencias de laboratorio y bioinformáticas publicadas hasta la fecha, apuntan hacia una posible mayor infectividad y transmisibilidad

On March 18, the first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in El Salvador and during the month of October 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 genome was sequenced from samples obtained in the country. Objective. To analyze in silico the mutations detected in the sequences isolated in El Salvador. Methodology. The SOPHiA-DDM-V5.7.10. Platform was used for the determination of variants due to missense mutations. The Nexclade beta v0.8.1 platform was used; The wild-type protein S (D614: PDB ID: 6VXX) and the mutated variant (D614G: PDB ID: 6XS6) were visualized and compared. For the modeling and generation of images of the molecular details of the proteins, Pymol-v1.7.2.3 was used. Results. The crystals of wild and mutated protein S show differences at the molecular level, including the loss of interactions between residue G614 of domain S1 and threonine 859 of domain S2, thus favoring the open conformation of protein S, which is necessary for the interaction of S with the ACE2 receptor. Conclusion. The findings confirm the predominance of the D614G variant in this group of sequences, which probably favors its transmissibility, which can be explained by the configuration of the ACE2 receptor binding sites. The worldwide prevalence

Entrenamiento de fuerza con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en adultos mayores con sarcopenia / Strenght training with partial restriction of blood flow in older adults with sarcopenia

Introducción: El progresivo envejecimiento poblacional se estima a nivel mundial como un indicador de mejora de la salud. No obstante, al vivir más años se le asocian problemas sanitarios que se van posicionando en el tiempo, y uno de ellos es la sarcopenia, la que se considera una condición común en los adultos mayores y se asocia a la inactividad física, baja resistencia, baja velocidad de marcha y disminución de la movilidad. Estos factores contribuyen a un aumento del riesgo de caída y a una disminución de la funcionalidad y de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Mostrar evidencia actualizada respecto a los resultados del entrenamiento de fuerza con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en población adulto mayor con sarcopenia, como estrategia costo-efectiva para la dependencia asociada al envejecimiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos científicas EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y en el buscador PubMed. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos de búsqueda: entrenamiento con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo, sarcopenia, adulto mayor. Los artículos analizados incluyeron revisiones y artículos de investigación, principalmente ensayos clínicos controlados y revisiones sistemáticas con metanálisis. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en el adulto mayor surge como una herramienta útil para intervenir en la sarcopenia asociada al envejecimiento, constituyendo una alternativa para inducir la ganancia de fuerza muscular, con la disminución de los riesgos del entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Además, es una técnica económica y fácil de implementar en centros de salud de asistencia masiva(AU)

Introduction: Progressive population aging is estimated globally as an indicator of health improvement. However, when living is extended, health issues appear; one of them is sarcopenia, which is consider a common condition in older adults and it is associated to physical inactivy, low resistance, low walk speed and a decrease in mobility. These factors contribute to an increase of falls risk and to a decrease of functionality and life quality. Objective: To show updated evidence on the results of the strength training with partial restriction of blood flow in older adults populations with sarcopenia, as a cost-effective strategy for dependence associated to aging. Methods: Search was done in scientific databases as EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed searcher. Following terms were used: training with partial restriction of blood flow, sarcopenia, older adult. The analyzed articles included reviews and research articles, mainly controlled clinical trials and systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Conclusions: Training with partial restriction of the blood flow in older adults emerges as an useful tool to intervene in sarcopenia associated to aging, being an alternative to induce muscle force´s gain, and decreasing the risks of high intensity training. In addition, it is an economic and easy to implement technique in health centers with massive audiences(AU)

Presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en sangre, El Salvador / Presence of organochlorine pesticides in blood, El Salvador

Los plaguicidas organoclorados fueron utilizados en campañas de salud pública y en prácticas agrícolas. Su uso fue prohibido al detectarse residuos tóxicos en tejidos grasos de animales y personas y su persistencia en el ambiente. En El Salvador aún se utilizan, comercializan y almacenan algunos de estos plaguicidas. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en muestras sanguíneas, almacenadas en la seroteca del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública. Metodología. Estudio transversal de las muestras almacenadas en la seroteca en el periodo de enero a octubre de 2018, analizadas a través del método de cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones. Resultados. Se identificó presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en 33 muestras (34 %); de las cuales 28 se detectaron en hombres. De las muestras positivas 27 eran de personas mayores de 29 años. En los departamentos de La Libertad (7) y San Salvador (6) se identificó mayor cantidad de muestras positivas a plaguicidas para el Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane y el Lindano. Conclusiones. Se identificó presencia de algunos plaguicidas organoclorados en las muestras de la seroteca del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública, lo que da indicios de la exposición de la población a plaguicidas en el medio ambiente, agua y/o alimentos

Organochlorine pesticides were widely used in public health campaigns and agricultural practices. Its use was restricted and in some cases prohibited when residues of these toxins were detected in fatty tissues of animals and people, as well as their excessive persistence in the environment. However, some of these pesticides are still in use, promoted, and stored in El Salvador. Objective. To identify the presence of organochlorine pesticides in serum samples stored in the National Laboratory of Public Health (LNSP). Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted over samples stored in the (NLPH) during the period from January to October 2018, which were analyzed by the gas chromatography method with electron microcapture detector (uECD). Results. Organochlorine pesticides were identified in 33 samples (34 %), of which 28 were from men. Of the positive samples, 27 were from people older than 29 years. In the department of La Libertad (7), and San Salvador (6), a greater number of samples were identified positive for pesticides Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane and lindane. Conclusions. The presence of some organochlorine pesticides was identified in the seroteca samples of the National Laboratory of Public Health, which indicates the population's exposure to pesticides in the environment, water and/or food

Efectos de un entrenamiento de miembro inferior con restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo en la fuerza muscular y biomarcadores sistémicos de daño muscular e inflamación / Effects of lower limb training with partial restriction of blood flow on muscle strength and systemic biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation

El entrenamiento de fuerza, especialmente con alta intensidad de carga, permite aumentar la fuerza y trofismo muscular, pero también se asocia a daño muscular inducido por ejercicio (DMIE). Una nueva modalidad de entrenamiento, combina una baja intensidad de carga con la restricción parcial del flujo sanguíneo (RPFS) alrededor del músculo, siendo prometedor en cuanto el desarrollo de la fuerza y trofismo muscular. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el rendimiento de fuerza máxima de los músculos cuádriceps e isquiotibiales (FM-Q y FM-I) y marcadores de daño muscular (CK) e inflamación sistémica (PCRus) entre un entrenamiento de baja intensidad de carga con RPFS, versus uno de alta y otro de baja intensidad de carga sin RPFS en jóvenes físicamente activos durante cuatro semanas de entrenamiento. Veintitrés participantes midieron la FM-Q y FM-I previo y al término de la intervención; además, antes del inicio de la primera sesión, y antes y después del término de la última sesión se midió la CK y PCRus. En los tres tipos de entrenamiento se produjeron aumentos equivalentes en la fuerza máxima, a excepción de la FM-Q del entrenamiento con baja intensidad sin RPFS. Solo en el entrenamiento con RPFS la CK y PCRus se modifican al finalizar la intervención, y aun cuando el estrés miocelular parece ser más alto que en los otros tipos de entrenamiento, no indicaría daño muscular.

Strength training, especially with high load intensity, allows increasing muscle strength and trophism, but it is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). A new training modality, a combination of loading with the partial restriction blood flow (PRBF) around the muscle, being promising in the development of strength and muscular trophism. The aim of the study was to compare the maximum strength (MS) performance of quadriceps and hamstrings (MS-Q and MS-I) and muscle damage biomarkers (Creatine Kinase, CK) and systemic inflammation (high sensitivity - CRP, hs-CRP) between a low intensity load training with PRBF, versus one high and another low load intensity without PRBF in physically active youngsters during four weeks of training. Twenty-three participants measured MSQ and MS-I and the intervention term. In addition, before the start of the first session, before and after the end of the last session, CK and hsCRP were measured. In the three types of training the equivalent benefits in MS are produced, an exception of the MS-Q of low intensity training without PRBF. Only in the training with PRBF, the CK and hsCPR are modified at the end of the intervention, and even though the myocellular stress seems to be higher than in the other types of training, it would not indicate muscle damage.

Relación entre indicadores antropométricos regionales de masa muscular y potencia de extremidades inferiores en deportistas juveniles de proyección

El propósito del estudio fue determinar el nivel de relación entre indicadores antropométricos segmentarios de muscularidad con los niveles de potencia expresados en la fuerza explosiva y elástico-explosiva. Para ello se evaluó a 31 deportistas varones (edad = 15,5 ± 1,7 años; peso = 61,4 ± 11,5 kg) de diversas disciplinas del Programa de Proyección Deportiva Nacional de la Región de Aysén, Chile, a través de los protocolos de la ISAK para las evaluaciones antropométricas y test de Bosco para la valoración de potencia de salto, tras lo cual se observó una alta intensidad de asociación entre potencia absoluta de los saltos SJ y CMJ, y todos los parámetros antropométricos de muslo (r >0,8). Con ello se logró establecer un modelo predictivo del rendimiento en salto mediante 3 mediciones antropométricas.

Abstract The purpose of this study was determined the level of relation between anthropometric segmental indicators of muscularity with the power levels expressed in the explosive and elastic strength, to carry it out 31 male athletes were (Age = 15.5 ±1.7 years; Weight = 61.4 ±11.5 kg) of diverse disciplines from the Program of National Sportive Projection of the Region of Aysén-Chile, were evaluated. The protocols of the ISAK for the anthropometric evaluations and Test of Bosco for the assessment of power of jump were followed. Results: An association between absolute power of the jumps SJ and CMJ and all the anthropometric variables of thigh (r > 0,8) it was able to establish a predictive model of the performance in jump by means of 3 anthropometric measurements has been established.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o nível de relação entre indicadores antropométricos segmentários de muscularidade com os níveis de potência expressados na força explosiva e elástico explosiva. Para tal, avaliaram-se a 31 esportistas varões (idade = 15,5 ± 1,7 anos; peso = 61,4 ±11,5 kg) de diversas disciplinas do Programa de Projeção Esportiva Nacional da Região de Aysén, Chile. Seguiram-se os protocolos da ISAK para as avaliações antropométricas e teste de Bosco para a valoração de potência de salto. Observa-se uma alta intensidade de associação entre potência absoluta dos saltos SJ e CMJ e todas as variáveis antropométricas da coxa (r > 0,8). Estabeleceu-se um modelo preditivo do rendimento em salto mediante três medidas antropométricas.

Use of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults / Uso da palmilha para redistribuir a pressão plantar, diminuir a dor musculoesquelética e reduzir as alterações posturais em adultos obesos

Introduction Insoles are used for different purposes and they can be an additional factor aiding weight loss in obese people due to their contribution in reducing musculoskeletal pain. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of custom insoles for redistributing plantar pressure, decreasing musculoskeletal pain and reducing postural changes in obese adults. Materials and methods Data was obtained from morbidly obese people, who had a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 35 and < 45 kg/m2, at three moments: before the insole was provided, immediately after insole use began and after two months of use. Anthropometric, postural, musculoskeletal pain and computerized baropodometry data were collected. Results When comparing the stages before the use of the insole and after two months of use, significant (p < 0.05) decreases were observed in the number of people with right lateral postural misalignment, in the intensity of the musculoskeletal pain of the body segments evaluated (except for the right knee), and in the mean of the peak plantar pressure values. In terms of total plantar contact area, the mean increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both right and left feet after the intervention. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the daily use of proprioceptive insoles contributed to reducing peak plantar pressure, musculoskeletal pain and lateral postural deviations. The use of proprioceptive insoles may be an important strategy to encourage obese people to exercise and, consequently, reduce weight. .

Introdução Palmilhas têm sido utilizadas por diferentes razões, e podem auxiliar na perda de peso em pessoas obesas por contribuírem na redução da dor musculoesquelética. Objetivos O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da palmilha na redistribuição da pressão plantar, na diminuição da dor musculoesquelética e na redução das alterações posturais em adultos obesos. Materiais e métodos Os dados foram obtidos de pacientes com obesidade mórbida e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 e < 45 kg/m2, em três diferentes momentos: antes do fornecimento da palmilha, imediatamente após o uso da palmilha e após dois meses de uso da palmilha. Foram coletados dados relacionados à antropometria, postura, dor musculoesquelética e baropodometria computadorizada. Resultados Quando comparadas as etapas antes do uso das palmilhas e após dois meses de uso, houve redução significativa (p < 0,05) no número de indivíduos com desvio lateral direito, na intensidade da dor musculoesquelética dos segmentos corporais avaliados (exceto para o joelho direito) e nos valores médios dos picos de pressão plantar. No que tange à área total de contato plantar, sua média aumentou de forma significativa (p < 0,05) em ambos os pés, direito e esquerdo, após a intervenção. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou que o uso diário de palmilhas proprioceptivas contribuiu na redução dos picos de pressão plantar, da dor musculoesquelética e dos desvios posturais laterais. O uso de palmilhas proprioceptivas pode ser uma importante estratégia para estimular indivíduos obesos a praticarem exercícios e, consequentemente, reduzirem seu peso. .

Concentraciones máximas de lactato sanguíneo producidos en combates de esgrima dependiendo del tipo de arma / Maximal blood lactate concentrations produced in fencing matches given by the type of weapon

Debido a la predominancia de movimientos breves y explosivos, la larga duración de los torneos oficiales, y las diferencias reglamentarias, técnicas y tácticas de cada una de las armas, no existe una homogeneidad de criterios en referencia a la contribución de los sistemas energéticos participantes en la esgrima. Determinar los niveles máximos de lactato sanguíneo que producen esgrimistas durante una competencia oficial, y determinar si existen diferencias según cada arma. Se realizó la medición de lactato a 24 esgrimistas adultos (ocho por cada una de las tres armas) luego de finalizado los combates de la fase de octavos de final de una competencia oficial de carácter Nacional. Los valores promedios obtenidos para las tres armas fueron de 2,62 mmol/lt. (espada: 2,46 mmol/lt; sable: 2,67 mmol/lt y florete: 2,73 mmol/lt.), no existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las tres armas. Las concentraciones máximas de lactato en la fase de octavos de final de una competencia oficial indican una escasa participación del sistema anaeróbico láctico; además, el tipo de arma no influiría en las concentraciones de ácido láctico producidas en combate. Los resultados de este estudio sirven de herramienta para mejorar la aplicación de las cargas físicas y selección de métodos de entrenamiento, los que deben considerar la predominancia de los sistemas energéticos anaeróbico aláctico y aeróbico.

Due to the predominance of brief and explosive movements, the length of the official tournaments and the differences in regulations, techniques and tactics of each of the weapons, there’s a lack of criteria homogeneity in reference to the contribution of the energy systems involved in fencing. The objective of this study is to determine the maximal levels of blood lactate produced by fencers during an official tournament, and determine if differences exist between each weapon.A lactate measurement was performed on 24 adult fencers (eight for each of the three weapons) after the end of their respective matches in the combats of the eighth finals in a official competition. The values from the averages obtained for the three weapons were that of 2,62 mmol/lt (sword: 2,46 mmol/lt; sable 2,67 mmol/lt and foil: 2,73 mmol/lt), without any statistical significant differences found between the three weapons. The maximal concentrations of lactate in the combats of the eighth finals in a official competition indicate a low participation of the anaerobic lactate system; furthermore, the type of weapon would not influence the maximum concentrations of lactic acid produced in combat. The results of this study can be used as a tool to improve on the application of physical burdens and selection of training methods, in particular, those which must take into account the anaerobic lactic and aerobic systems.

Composición corporal y somatotipo en futbol femenino: Campeonato Sudamericano Sub-17 / Body composition and somatotype in women's football: South American Championship Sub-17

Con el objetivo de analizar la composición corporal y el somatotipo en seleccionadas nacionales de futbol femenino, se han estudiado 28 mujeres, 19 seleccionadas de Colombia y 9 de Paraguay, de 16,2 +/- 0,66 años de edad, participantes en el Campeonato Sudamericano Sub 17 ­ Chile 2008, clasificatorio para la primera Copa Mundial FIFA de la categoría, Nueva Zelanda 2008. Para la evaluación se siguió el protocolo establecido por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometria ­ ISAK. Se determinó el fraccionamiento del peso corporal total en cinco masas según Kerr. Para establecer el somatotipo se utilizó el modelo propuesto por Heath & Carter. Respecto a las masas corporales, el promedio de los kg y por ciento de MA, MM y MO fue de 18,56 kg-33,28 por ciento; 21,80 kg-39,31 por ciento; 6,20 kg-11,18 por ciento. La clasificación del somatotipo es de endomorfo-mesomorfo, en el cual hay una dominancia equilibrada de adiposidad y muscularidad sobre la linealidad relativa. Los SDD del SM indican que no existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los diferentes puestos de juego, y el SDI sugiere que el grupo total de evaluadas es homogéneo.

In order to analyze body composition and somatotype in women selected to participate in the national soccer teams, we studied 28 women, 19 selected from Columbia and 9 from Paraguay, with an average of 16.2 +/- 0.66 years of age, participating in the South American Championship Sub 17 - Chile 2008, a qualifying event for the FIFA World Cup first category, New Zealand 2008. The evaluation followed the protocol established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry - ISAK. We determined the classification of total body mass in five types according to Kerr. To establish the somatotype the model proposed by Heath & Carter was used. Regarding body mass, the average kg and percent of MA, MM and MO was 18.56 kg-33.28 percent; 21.80 kg-39.31 percent; 6.20 kg-11.18 percent. The classification of somatotype was endomorph-mesomorph, where there is an equal dominance of adiposity and muscularity on the relative linearity. The SDD of SM indicates no significant differences (p<0.05) exists among the different positions of the players, and the SDI suggests that the total group of evaluated players is homogeneous.

Atypical lymphocytosis in leptospirosis: a cohort of hospitalized cases between 1996 and 2009 in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Linfócitos atípicos na leptospirose: coorte de pacientes hospitalizados entre 1996 e 2009, Estado do Rio de Janeiro

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease found in tropical and temperate countries, and its clinical diagnostic confusion with arboviruses (dengue fever, oropouche fever and yellow fever), Brazilian spotted fever, viral hepatitis and hantaviruses has been an ongoing public health concern. The aim of this observational study was to demonstrate an association between findings of atypical lymphocytosis and the progression of endemic leptospirosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects of 27 human leptospirosis cases that occurred over a period of 13 years (1996-2009) with no reported epidemic outbreaks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 11.1 percent in our cohort of hospitalized cases. However, there was no mortality among patients with atypical lymphocytosis (OR = 11.1; 95 percent CI = 1.12-110.9; p = 0.04). Two patients who were in the septicemic phase showed signs of expansion of γδ T cell responses in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS: Atypical lymphocytosis may be observed in patients with leptospirosis. Our observations suggest that these atypical leukocyte subsets are associated with partial protection during the disease course of leptospirosis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Leptospirose é uma zoonose que permanece endêmica em regiões tropicais e temperadas. A dificuldade no diagnóstico clínico diferencial entre os quadros de leptospirose humana e as várias arboviroses (dengue, febre amarela, febre de oropouche), febre maculosa brasileira, hepatite viral e hantavirose permanece um problema na Saúde Pública. MÉTODOS: No presente estudo, foi realizada análise retrospectiva de características demográficas, epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais de 27 casos de leptospirose humana que ocorrerem durante um período de 13 anos sem ocorrência de notificação de surtos epidêmicos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (1996-2009). RESULTADOS: A mortalidade da coorte de pacientes com leptospirose correspondeu a 11,1 por cento, sem embargo, o grupo de pacientes com atipia linfocitária não evoluiu para o óbito (OR = 11,1; 95 por cento CI = 1,12-110,9; p = 0.04). Em duas oportunidades, foi observada uma expansão dos linfócitos T gama-delta no sangue periférico de pacientes na fase septicêmica da leptospirose. CONCLUSÕES: Atipia linfocitária pode ocorrer em pacientes com leptospirose. Nossos dados também sugerem que os linfócitos atípicos podem estar envolvidos na patogênese da leptospirose.

Eficacia de un programa de intervenciones terapéuticas en estudiantes universitarios diagnosticados con dependencia al alcohol / Efficacy of a therapeutic intervention program among Mexican college students diagnosed with alcohol dependence

In recent years, consumption of alcoholic beverages has become a common practice among young adults attending higher education institutions in Mexico. Over the past two decades, prevalence of alcohol consumption in this population has doubled. In campuses located in Mexico City, 70-90% of undergraduate students have consumed alcoholic beverages during the past year and approximately 25% have engaged in binge drinking. Past year prevalence of Alcohol Dependence (AD) has been estimated in 4.6% and 18.4%. Higher education institutions around the world have implemented programs aimed at reducing students' drinking that have included educational interventions and/or psychosocial treatments delivered individually or in group format. In this regard, the available evidence suggests that programs that have included elements of the Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) or components of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) have shown the greatest efficacy in reducing drinking problems in this population. Despite this, there are no studies examining the efficacy of these interventions in Mexico's college student population. In the report presented here, we aim at examining the efficacy of Individual or Group MET and CBT in reducing drinking among undergraduate students diagnosed with AD. We hypothesized that in comparison to CBT, MET would show evidence of a greater reduction in alcohol consumption. To evaluate this hypothesis we examined the treatment effects on the number of consumed drinks, on the number of drinking days, and on the number of drinks per drinking day during the preceding 30 days. Methods We prospectively evaluated during an 8-week treatment phase and during a 12-month follow-up period, 158 undergraduate students who received a diagnosis of AD (ICD-10) at the students' Mental Health and Counseling Center of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City. Instruments. In order to screen and to establish the diagnosis of AD we respectively used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) Mexican version and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). We also used The Alcohol Time line Followback (TLFB) method to retrospectively record the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption. Procedures. Students seeking services at the UNAM Mental Health and Counseling Center, and who had a diagnosis of AD, were invited to participate in the study. After informed consent was obtained, they were randomly assigned to one of four manualized treatment interventions: Individual or Group MET, or Individual or Group CBT. These were delivered in eight weekly sessions lasting one hour. The alcohol TLFB was administered at the beginning and at the end of the 8-week treatment phase, and subsequently monthly for the following 12 months. Statistical analysis. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to examine the treatment effect on drinking during the treatment phase and separately during the 12-month follow-up period. A one-way ANOVA was used to examine differences between treatment groups at specific assessment points. Results Demographic characteristics. In the entire sample the majority of students were men (73.2%), while the mean age was 18.8 [± 2.9] years. There were no differences between intervention groups in their demographic characteristics. Baseline characteristics of alcohol consumption. In the entire sample and separately in each of the intervention groups there was a predominant pattern of weekly heavy drinking. There were no baseline differences between treatment groups in the monthly amount or frequency of drinking, or in the number of drinks consumed during drinking days (all comparisons P>0.50). The average number of Alcohol Dependence symptoms was 6.0 [± 2.6]. There were no differences among groups in the number of these symptoms (P=0.10). Patient Retention during the Treatment Phase and the Follow-up Period. At the end of the 8-week treatment phase, 92% of the students remained in treatment. During this phase, the Individual CBT group had the greatest number of dropouts with 18% of them leaving prematurely (Pearson X² = 15.7, df=3, P = 0.001). During the follow-up period, specifically at the 3, 6 and 12-month follow-up, the retention rates in the study were respectively 91%, 89% and 86%. There were no differences among groups in this variable at any of these follow up points. Alcohol consumption during the treatment phase. In the ANOVA for repeated measures we found that during the treatment phase there was a main effect of time over the three indicators of alcohol consumption (range of F: 7.59-11.81, df=1.142, range of P:0.001-0.007). This reflected the fact that at the end of the four interventions there was a reduction in the amount and frequency of monthly drinking and a reduction in the number of drinks during drinking days. There were no main effects of treatment (range of P:0.07- 0.56) or interactive time X treatment effects (range of P:0.55 to 0.79) on any of the drinking variables. However, at the level of a non-significant trend (F = 2.37, df=3.143, P = 0.07), there was a treatment effect reflecting that in comparison to Individual CBT, there was a trend toward a greater reduction in the frequency of monthly drinking in Group MET (one-way ANOVA: F=2.60, df=3.146, P=0.05, Tukey HSD P=0.07). Alcohol consumption during the follow-up period. In the ANOVA for repeated measures, there was a main effect of time on the amount and frequency of monthly alcohol consumption (range of F: 8.54-9.53, df=3.393, P range: 0.001-0.004), reflecting that during this period there was a reduction in these two drinking variables in the entire sample. This effect was observed mainly during the first six months of follow-up. During the following six months, there was a gradual increase in the amount and frequency of drinking (range of F for the quadratic component of Time: 5.36-10.36, df=1.131, range of P: 0.02-0.002) that approached the levels seen at the end of treatment. There were no main effects of time on the number of drinks consumed during drinking days (P=0.27). There was a treatment X time interaction (F=2.65, df=3.131, P=0.05) on monthly frequency of drinking, indicating that, in comparison to Individual CBT, there was a greater reduction in this drinking variable in Group MET. This effect was specifically observed during the first three months of follow-up (one-way ANOVA: F=3.63, df=3.142, P=0.02, Tukey HSD P=0.007). Subsequently, there were no differences among the intervention groups in this variable for the remaining nine months of follow-up. Finally, there were no main effects attributable to treatment or interactive effects of time X treatment on the number of monthly drinks (P range: 0.49 to 0.65) or on the number of drinks consumed per drinking day (P range: 0.55 to 0.79). Discussion In this sample of alcohol dependent college students, we found that at the end of the 8-week treatment phase there was a comparable reduction in the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and in the number of drinks consumed during drinking days across the four intervention groups. However, we observed that at the level of a non significant trend (P=0.07), Group MET appeared to be more effective than Individual CBT in reducing the frequency of alcohol drinking.

Introducción Se ha descrito que entre los estudiantes de educación superior de nuestro país la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol se ha duplicado durante las últimas dos décadas. Se han estimado prevalencias durante los últimos 12 meses del diagnóstico de Dependencia al Alcohol (DA) de 4.6%. Aunque se desconoce la magnitud de las consecuencias de estos problemas entre los estudiantes universitarios mexicanos, en Estados Unidos han sido identificados como un problema de salud pública mayor y como el principal problema de salud en las universidades. Para reducir estos problemas, se ha evidenciado que las intervenciones como la Terapia de Incremento de la Motivación (TM) o la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (TCC) podrían ser igualmente efectivas a largo plazo. Se ha observado una ligera ventaja del formato individual sobre el grupal. Pero al analizar el costo-beneficio, el formato grupal suele ser el más utilizado en las universidades. A pesar de la importancia de los problemas por consumo de alcohol en las universidades y no obstante la efectividad demostrada de estas intervenciones, no hay, hasta lo que sabemos, investigaciones publicadas que comparen la eficacia de la TM y la TCC en el tratamiento de los universitarios con problemas por consumo de alcohol en México o en otros países de habla hispana. Objetivo Examinar los efectos de las intervenciones TM y TCC tanto en su modalidad individual como grupal, en el tratamiento de estudiantes universitarios con diagnóstico de dependencia al alcohol. Material y métodos Se evaluó prospectiva y comparativamente a 158 estudiantes universitarios con diagnóstico de Dependencia al Alcohol. Instrumentos: 1. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); 2. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI); 3. Línea Base Retrospectiva (LIBARE); 4. Cuestionario de Datos Demográficos. Procedimientos. A los estudiantes con problemas con su manera de beber, se les aplicó el AUDIT; a los que tuvieran respuestas positivas para Dependencia al Alcohol, se les aplicó la sección de <

Relato de caso: infecção de sítio cirúrgico após cirurgia de Whipple / Case report: surgical site infection after Whipple’s surgery

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico constitui um grave problema dentre as infecções hospitalares por sua incidência, morbidade e mortalidade. Devido ao curto período de internação, a maioria dessas infecções se manifesta após a alta hospitalar, sendo subnotificada quando não há o seguimento do paciente cirúrgico. Programas de vigilância específicos do paciente após a alta são considerados fundamentais para controlar as infecções. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e compararsua freqüência durante a internação e após a alta.

Infections are the most frequent complications in theoperated patient. In essence, these postoperative infections are characterizedas hospitals, as result of surgery or invasive procedures in hospital.Fortunately are caused mostly by bacteria that normally colonizemucocutaneous surfaces of the patients. Among the post-operative infections,the highlights are those of the surgical wound, abdominal cavityor organs manipulated during the surgical procedure and characterizingthe surgical site infections (SSI).

Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en niños en Bucaramanga Colombia / Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children in Bucaramanga Colombia

Introducción: La emergencia de infecciones, en niños, por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente adquirido en comunidad (SAMR-AC) en niños constituye un problema de salud pública en varios países del mundo, sin embargo, en nuestro país hay pocos reportes sobre las características clínicas, factores de riesgo y características moleculares. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que comparó el comportamiento clínico y epidemiológico de las infecciones por S. aureus meticilino resistente y S. aureus meticilino sensible. Se detectaron los genes mecA, lukS-PV y lukF-PV por amplificación y se determinó la resistencia a antimicrobianos. Resultados: De las 39 infecciones por S. aureus entre enero de 2008 y junio de 2009, el 60% fueron por S. aureus meticilino resistente, con mayor proporción de lactantes y uso previo de antibióticos en el grupo meticilino resistente. Predominó la localización Osteoarticular (54%) seguida de piel y tejidos blandos (41%). En los meticilino resistentes el gen mecA y lukS-PV y lukF-PV se detectaron en el 93% y 86% respectivamente. En el grupo meticilino resistentes y leucocidina de Panton Valentine positiva fueron más frecuentes los abscesos subcutáneos, una mayor respuesta inflamatoria y susceptibilidad a la mayoría de los antibióticos. Conclusión: Reportamos la presencia de infecciones por SAMR – AC (LPV +, con susceptibilidad a la mayoría de los antibióticos) en nuestro medio, con abscesos como foco clínico predominante y una mayor respuesta inflamatoria.

Introduction: The emergence of the infection by community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus, in children, is a public health problem in many countries of the world, however, in Colombia, local dates about the clinical features, risk factors and molecular characteristic are scarce. Materials and methods: This descriptive study compared the clinical and epidemiological behavior of infections by methicillin-resistant S. aureus and methicillin suceptible S. aureus. The gen mecA and lukS-PV y lukF-PV were detected by amplification and antibiotic sensitivity was determinated. Results:From January 2008 to June de 2009, 39 infections caused by S. aureus were diagnosed, 60% by methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In the group methicillin-resistant, there were more proportion of infants and previous use of antibiotics. The most frequents location of the infection were: Osteoarticular (54%) and Skin and soft tissue (41%). The gen mecA and lukSPV y lukF-PV were detected in 93% and 86% of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Soft tissue abscess, an inflammatory response enhanced and sensitivity to the most of the antibiotics were most frequent in the group methicillin-resistant and Panton-Valentine leuokocidin (PVL) positive. Conclusions: We report the presence of infections by MRSA – AC, PVL + and sensitivity to the most of antibiotics, in our media. The most frequent features are the presence of soft tissue abscesses and an inflammatory response enhanced.