[Assessment of protective effect of ethyl pyruvate on sperm parameters, and trend of embryological development after in vitro fertilization [IVF] in phenylhydrazine treated mice]

Background and Aim: oxidative stress can lead to change in the sperm parameters and cessation of embryological development This study aimed to assess the protective effect of ethylpyruvate [EP] on sperm parameters and trend of in vitro fertilization under oxidative stress conditions produced by phenyl hydrazine [PHZ] induced hemolytic anemia in mice

Material and Method: 40 NMRI mice with the age range of 8-10 weeks and mean weight of 26+/-2gr, were randomly divided into four equally groups. The control group received normal saline [0. 1 ml/day, IP]. Group2 [PHZ group] was treated with initial dose of PHZ [8mg/100gr/b. w, IP] followed by 6mg/100gr/b. w, IP, every 48hr. Group3, [Group PHZ+EP] received the same dose of PHZ and EP [40mg/kg/daily/IP]. Ethyl pyruvate group received only EP [40mg/kg/daily, IP]. Treatment period took 35 days. Then, after euthanasia the sperm were collected from caudal region of epididymis and examined for sperm count, sperm viability, motility and morphology. Testis tissue MDA and serum testosterone levels of all experimental groups were also evaluated

Result: in this study, in PHZ group we found a considerable reduction in the mean percentage of the number of the sperms with damaged DNA and abnormal morphology compared to the control group. After administration of antioxidant these parameters improved significantly [p<0.05]. In PHZ group we found significant decrease in the percentage of fertility, blastocysts, and the number of arrested embryos in comparison to the control group, which after administration of ethylpyruvate these parameters improved significantly

Conclusion: treatment of the mice with PHZ led to improvement of the sperm parameters and trend of embryological development

Prevalence of polybacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Background and Objective: Wound infection treatment, particularly in chronic and bacterial poly cases, is difficult and entails heavy costs. This study was done to determine the prevalence of poly bacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Methods: In this descriptive study, wound sampling was prepared from 336 patients admitted to different wards of Baqiatallah Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Identification was performed based on biochemical tests including oxidase test, TSI, IMVIC, lysine decarboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, urea, motility, catalase, coagulase, mannitol fermentation, optochin sensitivity, susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole, growth in Bile esculin and DNase production. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was determined using disk diffusion method for 14 important antibiotics

Results: 294 samples were positive for bacterial culture, from which 364 isolates including 11 different isolates were obtained. Out of 294 positive samples, 245 samples were mono bacterial and 54 were poly bacterial including two-bacterial [45 samples], three-bacterial [7 samples], and four-bacteral [2 samples]. 5. aureus [29.7%], Enterococci [15.6%], and E. coli [15.6%] were the most prevalent isolates. 5. aureus-Enterococci pattern was the most common two-bacterial pattern [33%], and majority of polybacterial patterns belonging to gram negative bacteria was in surgery ward [32.5%]. Antibiogram results showed high levels of antibiotic resistance in the isolates. Imipenem and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram negative isolates, and vancomycin for Gram positive isolates. Also, 71% of 5. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin

Conclusion: Variation of bacterial isolates was similar to other studies. Most of poly-bacterial wound infections were due to common nosocomial pathogens and their high rates of antibiotic resistance are extremely alarming

Incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Islamic Republic of Iran: a study using national registry data in 2012

Population-based data on myocardial infarction rates in the Islamic Republic of Iran have not been reported on a national or provincial scale. In a cross-sectional study, data were collected on 20 750 new cases of myocardial infarction [ICD10 codes I21-22] admitted to hospitals and registered by the Iranian Myocardial Infarction Registry in 2012. The crude and age-adjusted incidence for the 31 provinces and the whole country were directly calculated per 100 000 people using the WHO standard population. Overall, males comprised 72.4% of cases and had a significantly lower mean age at incidence than women [59.6 [SD 13.3] years versus 65.4 [SD 12.6] years]. The male: female incidence ratio was 2.63. The age-standardized myocardial infarction incidence rate was 73.3 per 100 000 in the whole country [95% CI: 72.3%-74.3%] and varied significantly from 24.5 to 152.5 per 100 000 across the 31 provinces. The study provides baseline data for monitoring and managing cardiovascular diseases in the country

Prevalency of imipenem-resistant bacterial strains isolated from hospital and accuracy of Iranian imipenem disc product

Background and Objective: Bacterial resistance to Imipenem is increased in bacterial infections in Iran. In regard to the importance of Imipenem in the treatment of nosocomial infections and the key role of disc diffusion method as a major antibiotic susceptibility testing assay, this study was done to determine the prevalency of imipenem-resistant bacterial strains isolated from hospital and accuracy of Iranian imipenem disc product. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 241 bacteria were isolated from patients in different wards of the Baqyatallah hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2013-14. After streaking of the organisms, identification was performed by all conventional biochemical tests. The bacterial resistance to imipenem was determined by disk diffusion method using IranianandMast imipenem discs. True imipenem-resistant isolates were examined for susceptibility to six different antibiotic including Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Azitromysin, Tetracycline and Ceftazidim, using disk diffusion method. Results: The most prevalent isolates organisms were gram-negative bacilli [Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively]. The common clinical source was urine and wound samples, respectively. Resistant to Imipenem was 68 [25.7 %] and 19 [7.8 %] based on the results of IranianandMast Imipenem discs, respectively. False results for Iranian Imipenem discs was higher than Mast Imipenem discs [P<0.05]. Among the 19 true Imipenem resistant isolates, 17 micro organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 57% of isolated resistant to Imipenem were isolated from ICU ward. The most resistance was seen to Gentamicin [84%] and the lowest was seen to Ciprofloxacin [63%]. 84% of isolated samples were multi drug resistance. Conclusion: Although a small percentage of the isolates obtained as important nosocomial pathogens were resistant to Imipenem, but the rate of multiple resistance and high rate of isolates obtained from ICU was noticeable

[Fatality rate of myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes in Iran's hospitals in 1392]

Introduction: Data shows that no study at a national level on fatality rates of myocardial infarction [MI] and its determinants in diabetic and non-diabetic hospitalized Iranian patients, has yet been published. The aim of this study was to determine the case fatality rate [CFR] of MI in patients with and without history of diabetes and the factors associated with MI mortality in Iran

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional, national study, data of 20,750 new patients with MI were used. For data analysis, Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression model in Stata software were used. Modeling was done per gender

Results: Of 20,750 new patients with MI, 4,612 [22.3%] patients had diabetes. Case Fatality rates of MI were 13.22% [confidence interval [CI] 95%=12.27-14.23] in diabetic patients and 11.7% [11.28-12.26] in non-diabetic patients, and were significant [p=0.036]. Odds ratio [OR] of mortality from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI was 4.77 [CI 95%=4.20-5.43] in men, approximately twice that in women [OR=2.13, CI 95%=1.78-2.54]

Conclusion: Although CFR was higher in diabetic patients than in non diabetic ones, the statistically significant difference was not clinically noteworthy, due to the small difference in CFR between the two groups and large sample size of the study. Therefore, prompt management and provision of required healthcare in emergency and CCUs within the appropriate time and access to specialized treatments for diabetic and non diabetic patients are recommended

[Validation of Edinburgh postpartum depression scale [EPDS] for screening postpartum depression in Iran]

Introduction: Postpartum depression is a disorder with varying degrees of which occurred in the first year after delivery. Different tests to measure the disorder that the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale shortest questionnaire for rapid assessment disorder. The present research was in fact a predictive investigation seeking to validate Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in an Iranian sample

Methods: The study population included all mothers who for the first time [first delivery] during pregnancy have a season and 2 to 4 weeks after the first and second after delivery care for pregnant women to health centers - medical visited the city of Sanandaj, Edinburgh and questionnaires completed the Beck Depression Inventory by 361 person, and the acquisition of high scorers on the scales structured interview [SCID-I] for mood disorder diagnosis was done by a psychiatrist

Results: Based on Beck inventory, 31.6% of the participants and according to Edinburgh scale, 67.3% of them were diagnosed with depression. From among these people, only 19.7% were diagnosed to be depressed through the clinical structured interview. Cronbach alpha was estimated to be 0.70 for Edinburgh test. Validity of Edinburgh test along with the parallel Beck Scale was equal to 0.44

Conclusion: According to the findings, this questionnaire possesses a high validity. Using Edinburgh scale can pave the way for a fast and short diagnosis. In case this brief test is utilized in healthcare systems, it could help a rapid diagnosis of patients' problems and their treatment

[Association of vitamin D and cognitive disorders an older population of Amirkola]

Vitamin D receptors are widespread in brain tissue, and the active form of vitamin D has been documented for its neuroprotective effects. This study was conducted to determine the association between vitamin D level and cognitive disorders. This descriptive-analytical cross sectional study was conducted within the framework of the "Amikola Health and Aging Project [AHAP]", [2011-12], conducted on 1616 older people, aged>60 years in the city of Amirkola, Iran. Serum levels of vitamin D were measured in morning blood samples and mental status was investigated using Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]. Data was analyzed with T test, ANOVA and Chi-square, and P-values <0.05 were considered significant. The mean age of study participants was 68.81 +/- 7.1 years. Among them 509 [31.5%] had cognitive impairment and 1103 [68.4%] did not. There was significant association between serum vitamin D level and normal and abnormal MMSE in women [P=0.029], but not in men [P=0.49]. Mean serum vitamin D level in participants with normal MMSE was 34.45 +/- 32.79 ng/ml and in participants with abnormal MMSE was 32.80 +/- 29.39 ng/ml but this finding was not significant [P=0.31]. Serum vitamin D level in older persons with normal MMSE was higher than in those with abnormal MMSE, although it was not significant. In this study, there was no association between serum vitamin D levels in older people with or without cognitive impairment

[Effective determinants in household out of packet payments in health system of Iran, using two part regression model]

Introduction: Major part of health expenditure is paid directly by households in most of developing countries. This catastrophic expenditure is entailed on families. Assessing important determinants of Out Of Pocket Payment [OOP] is one of the key issues in health care finance

Methods: This study uses Iranian household income expenditure in 2005-2010 annually provided by statistical center of Iran using a two part model for assessing these factors. This was a cross sectional analytical study in which sampling was based on a multi-stage method. The sample size changed from 26882 to 38260 households

Result: The results showed that out of Pocket payments up to 74% increased during this period. High income households paid 2.5 times more than low income groups while probability of utilization for them was 17% more. Confidence of insurance indicates insurance systems succeeded in reducing only 15% of household insure expenditure whereas the probability of using health services increased only by 2%. Social demographic variables such as the number of the elderly, household size and urbanization increased OOP by 20%, 23% and 54%, respectively

Conclusion: During the study period, there was substantial inequality among different income groups. As if better off households had a higher chance of paying and using health care services. Moreover, the elderly, household dimension, urbanization and not having insurance coverage are the most important factors responsible for OOP. To reduce inequality, policy makers must provide the conditions to increase the role of social insurance in health finance and to make the services less expensive for the elderly

[Effect of short-term supplementation of cocoa on platelet factors [Plt, MPV, PDW] of athlete male's blood after an exhaustive aerobic exercise]

Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are among the most important causes of death and disability all around the world. Blood cells, especially platelets, may play a crucial role in pathophysiology of these disorders. Considering the increased risk of thrombosis after acute physical activities, and the role of the platelets in these disorders, many nutritional approaches had been evaluated for the prevention of thrombosis. Recently, the effects of cocoa consumption on hemostasis have recently attracted the attention of many researchers. In this study we evaluated the effects of cocoa consumption on platelet count, mean platelet volume [MPV], and platelet distribution width [PDW], during one session of incremental exhausting aerobic exercise in male soccer players. This semi-experimental study included 20 healthy volunteer male soccer players [age: 22 +/- 1years; BF%: 22.5 +/- 1.2; VO2max:52.6 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min]. After written consent, all subjects performed Bruce Test within two successive weeks. After the first blood sampling [stage one], 0.5 mg/kg of placebo [0.5 g cocoa powder in 300 ml of 4% sucrose solution] or cocoa solution [18.75 g cocoa powder in 300 ml 4% sucrose solution] was randomly given to the subjects. All cases performed Bruce Test two hours later. Blood samples were collected just before Bruce Test [second stage], immediately after Bruce Test [third stage] and 1 hour after Bruce Test [fourth stage]. After preparation of peripheral blood smears, platelet count, MPV and PDW were measured by Mindray cell counter. Using spss 16, data were analyzed by means of two-factor analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Bonfferoni test at the level 0.01. Our results indicated a significant decrease in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after cocoa consumption [P<0.01]. In addition, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in these values after Bruse Test [P<0.01]. However, in spite of significant increase in platelet count, MPV, and PDW after Bruse Test, cocoa consumption 2 hours before the test decreased these values significantly [P<0.01]. Cocoa consumption before exhaustive physical exercises may prevent exercise induced increase in the platelet indices; hence, potentially can prevent cardiovascular and thrombotic events and sudden death in the athletes

First survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Borujerd county, western Islamic Republic of Iran

Lorestan province in the Islamic Republic of Iran has not previously been known as a focus for cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL]. Clinical and epidemiological studies were carried out on patients diagnosed with active CL at the central laboratory in Borujerd city during 1998-2010. A total of 137 patients with corroborated CL were studied [mean estimated annual incidence 4.36 per 100 000 inhabitants]. The male:female ratio was > 11:1. Patients ranged in age from 8-63 years but > 70% were aged 21-40 years and only 1 was

[ effects of dietary supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E, individually and combined, on insulin resistance and lipid profile in hemodialysis patients]

Due to their antioxidant properties, vitamin E [VitE] and alpha-lipoic acid[ALA] may have a protective role against cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk factors, e.g., insulin resistance [IR] and dislipidemia, in hemodialysis patients.The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E, individually and combined, on insulin resistance and lipid profile in hemodialysis patients. This study was a randomized clinical placebo-controlled trial, including 85 patients [45 men and 40 women] from Shiraz hemodialysis centres.We examined the effects of a 2-month daily supplementation with VitE [400IU] and ALA [600mg], individually and combined, on fasting blood sugar [FBS], insulin, the HOMA index, and lipid profile [serum total, VLDL-, LDL- and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides]. A placebo group was also included in the study.At the beginning and at the end of the intervention weights and heights of the patients were measured, body mass index [BMI] was calculated, dietary intake assessed, and blood samples were taken for analysis. Significant reductions were observed in mean FBS [4.2], insulin [10.4] and the HOMA index [1.5] in theALA+VitE-supplemented group compared to the placebo group [P-values=0.02, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively]; changes in these parameters were not statistically significant in the groups supplemented with either one alone. Also, supplementation with VitE or ALA, either alone or combined, had no statstically significant effects on the lipid profile. Combined supplementation with vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid ALA canimprove insulin resistance in hemodialysis

[Gap analysis between expectations and perceptions on total quality management in private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers by using fuzzy logic]

Rehabilitation service is one the most important aspect of health system services. If quality is not appropriate, disability could increase in society. Total Quality Management [TQM] can make revolution to achieve the desired quality. The aim of this study was to determine gap analysis between expectations and perceptions on Total Quality Management in private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers by using Fuzzy logic. This study was a descriptive-analytical, survey. Samples were selected from staffs of private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers. Two survey questioners of "Measurement Gap between Expectations" and "Perceptions of TQM Components" was used. Validity of the questionnaires were measured by Content Validity Ratio [CVR] and Content Validity Index [CVI], which was 0.83 for both questionnaires and reliability was confirmed by internal consistency [alpha =0.932]. After collecting questionnaires, questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS/17, EXCEL 2007. The total fuzzy average of expectation with 0.822, 0.923, and 0.982values, was more than total fuzzy average of perceptions [0.59, 0.71, and 0.83]. Furthermore, findings showed a significant difference between expectations and perceptions in all factors of TQM. There was a significant difference between all factors of total quality management. It means that staffs mentioned present condition is lower than optimum condition and the organizations couldn't supply their staffs' expectations

study of the chemical and physical properties obtained from the composition of live stock and poultry wastes in biogas system

Introduction: Unnecessary use of chemical manure in order to increase the crop production, particularly in the agricultural sector, causes environmental damages and disorder in terms of soil fertility. In the manure preparation method through the biogas, organic manure of high quality can be produced in addition to obtaining gas. The purpose of this study is to examine the physical as well as chemical properties of the manure produced by the combined wastes of livestock and poultry using biogas system

Research method: In order to put the pilot project into operation, livestock and poultry wastes were primarily collected and were added to the planned pilot in a proportional ratio of 1:2. After about two months, the produced gas was measured and the parameters of the manure were analyzed according to the pilot sample and subsequently, they were compared with the existing standards. Using EXCEL, the gathered data were analyzed

Results: PH rate obtained from the manure was estimated to be 7.2. Reportedly, the electrical conductivity of the sample was equal to 29.53 ml. Siemens/cm. and the humidity was 5%. The organic compounds in the sample were 8.19% and ash was 8.58%. Furthermore, the rate of the organic carbon for the sample was 40% and the size of the uniformed particles was of the highest mesh, i.e. 50. The manure obtained has a phosphorous concentration of 1 mg/l and the sodium concentration obtained were 94 mg/l and potassium 74 mg/l

Discussion and conclusion: Findings indicate that the rate of organic materials, phosphorus, ash and organic carbon are consistent with the standards set by WHO. With regard to low cost, availability, being danger-free and enriched as well as the simultaneous use of the gas produced, the manure obtained through the biogas can be considered a suitable kind of manure for agriculture

[Comparison of adenosine deaminase level in HIV positive patients co-infected with hepatitis B and C and healthy subjects]

Measurement of adenosine deaminase and its isoenzymes in serum has been used for diagnosis and differentiation of intracellular infections and malignancies of immune cells. The aim of this study was to compare ADA levels and its isoenzymes in HIV positive patients and HIV positive patients co-infected with hepatitis B and C and healthy individuals, as a quick and low-cost diagnostic biochemical marker. This historical cohort study included 97 HIV positive IDU patients. After obtaining blood samples, serum was separated and examined for hepatitis B and C. We used Guisti method for measurment of ADA activity and EHNA inhibitor for the activity of its isoenzymes. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 [SPSS Inc., Chicago]. Our results showed that there was a high prevalence of HBV and HCV in HIV positive IV drug users. We found that total ADA activity in the patients groups was significantly higher than control group. Also HIV-HCV group showed a higher activity of this enzyme in comparison to HIV positive groups. Significant differences were found in regard to ADA2 isoenzymes among the four groups [P<0.05]. But ADA1 activity showed no significant difference. CD4+ counts were lower in HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV patients than HIV positive patients. ADA activity was considerably increased in HIV positive patients co-infected with either HBV or HCV. According to the results of this study and because of its low cost and simplicity to perform, in addition to other markers, measurement of ADA activity in serum is a sensitive biological marker for assessment of intracellular infections, particularly hepatitis in HIV positive patients

[Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II among high risk groups in Sanandaj in 2010]

HTLV-I is the etiological cause of adult T-lymphocytic leukemia [ATL] and a chronic degenerative neurologic disorder, called tropical spastic paraparesis [TSP]. HTLV infection can be transmitted through different ways: from mother to child or fetus, sexual intercourse, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, and sharing contaminated syringe needles. As the presence of these infections in high risk groups can be an approximate indicator of their prevalence in the society and blood donors, in this study was tried to find prevalence of HTLV in HIV positive or negative intravenous drug users [IVDU; patients with major thalassemia, and hemodialysis patients, in Sanandaj. This descriptive study included 351 cases: 130 HIV positive and 110 HIV negative intravenous drug users [IVDU], 46 cases of major thalassemia, and 65 hemodialysis patients. All participants completed written informed consent forms. After obtaining blood samples and serum separation, all specimens were kept in freezer at -20[degree sign]C up to the time of analysis. Serum samples were screened for measurement of the titers of HTLV I and II antibodies by Dia-Pro ELISA kits, manufactured in Italy. Positive and suspicious reactions were reanalyzed. For confirmation of positive and suspicious reactions, samples with one positive reaction were examined by use of western blot kid [HTLV blot 2.4, manufactured by MP Diagnostics in Switzerland]. Data were entered into SPSS 16 software and the prevalence rates of these viruses were obtained by using frequency distribution table. The results of this study showed that one HIV positive, one HIV negative patient and another patient with major thalassemia were HTLV I positive [0.85%]. None of the hemodialysis patients had antibody against HTLV type 1. We did not find any antibody against HTLV type 2 in our study. The prevalence rate of HTLV [types 1 and 2] among these high risk groups was not high in Sanandaj. This may reflect its low prevalence in general population and in blood donors. However, it is necessary to take preventive measures to reduce its spread. To assess the exact prevalence rate we recommend screening of all donated blood samples and general population

Effect of intrathecal midazolam in the severity of pain in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trail

The benzodiazepines are used primarily for anxiolysis, amnesia and sedation. However, recent investigations have shown that some forms of this group of drugs have also direct effect on pain. This study aims to determine the effect of midazolam in reducing the severity of pain in women scheduled for elective cesarean section. In a prospective, double blind randomized controlled trial, two groups parallel study, was conducted in Imam Reza/Moatazedi Hospital, an affiliate of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Parturient women who met study inclusion criteria were consecutively assigned into either experimental [n=62] or control groups [n=62]. Women in the experimental group received bupivacaine [10 mg] plus intrathecal midazolam [2 mg/ml] [BM] and those in the control group received bupivacaine plus normal saline [BNS]. The outcome pain severity was measured by Verbal Numerical Rating Scale. In comparison with the BNS group, mothers in the BM group reported a significant relief in pain [15 min and 120 min] after the surgery. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the intensity of pain 5, 30, 60 and 240 min after the surgery. The average time until the first dose of additional analgesic, per mother's request was 142.18 +/- 55.19 min in the BNS vs 178.06 +/- 77.33 min in the BM group. Combination of bupivacaine plus intrathecal midazolam was an effective anesthetic technique to provide improvement in pain. The onset of sedation was faster in the BM group compared with the BNS group. The duration of effective analgesia, and the time for regression of sensory analgesia was the same in both groups in our study. However, incidence of nausea and vomiting was higher in the experimental group

[Lumbar repositioning in chronic low back pain and healthy, females]

Proprioception is a main component of somatosensory system that plays a protective role in acute injuries through reflex muscular splinting. Proprioception reduction could be a source of deficits in reaction time, postural control and postural stability. In chronic low back pain patients [CLBP] the proprioception is decreased and leads to dysfunction in motor control and increased the risk of injury. Evaluation the repositioning of lumbar region could be an indication to measure the lumbar proprioception. The purpose of this study was to compare the lumbar repositioning in CLBP and healthy females. Eighteen CLBP [22.83 +/- 2.93 years] and 18 healthy females [23.33 +/- 2.19 years] participated in this study. Lumbar repositioning error in 30% and 60% of lumbar full flexion and neutral position with closed eye in standing was evaluated with electrogoniometer. Absolute and constant error for 3 repositioning points were obtained and analyzed. Absolute error in patients with low back pain was significantly higher than control subjects in all 3 position points [P<0.05]. Constant error did not show significant difference between two groups. [P>0.05] Increased in absolute error of females with CLBP in lumbar repositioning implies that some aspects of proprioception may lose in patients with CLBP

[Assessment of the factors influencing the nurses' intention to leave their job]

Financial and human costs for the nurse's turnover are high in the world. Prediction of this turnover is essential to reduce unnecessary costs in the health organizations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of individual and organizational factors with job satisfaction and the nurses' intention to leave their job. This study was a descriptive-correlative study which included 89 female nurses. Using Lisrel 8.5 software, the data were analyzed by means of structural transactions model and path analyzing. The results of this study showed the following significant relationships: age with colleagues' support [0.32], marriage with colleagues' support [-0.38], work background with intention to leave [-0.37], colleagues' support with head nurses' support [0.35], head nurses' support with job satisfaction [0.31] and job satisfaction with intention to leave [-0.52]. Individual and organizational factors can influence the intention of nurses to leave their job. Considering the differences between the individuals, it seems that managers of the hospitals can have positive influence on job satisfaction and decrease in intention to leave their job by proposing suitable work shifts and work teams

[ prevalence of limited joint mobility in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Kerman]

Limited joint mobility [LJM] is a complication of diabetes mellitus, which usually begins from the small joints of hands and is associated with long-term complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of Limited Joint Mobility in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Kerman in 2003. Sixty-six patients with type I diabetes mellitus [case group] and 66 sex- and age-matched, healthy subjects [control group] were enrolled into the study. LJM was diagnosed with "prayer sign" and its severity was categorized into 3 levels of mild, moderate, and severe. The results of measurements of glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], date of birth, date of onset of diabetes, sex, weight, and height were recorded, as well. Anthropometric indices were calculated using the reference data of NCHS and WHO. Case and control groups had similar gender and age distributions. Anthropometric indices were significantly lower in cases than in controls [P<0.05]. LJM was observed in 25 ones in case group [37.9%] and in 5 ones in control group [7.6%] that shows statistically significant difference [P<0.001]. LJM in diabetic patients was positively correlated with age [P=0.047] and duration of diabetes [P<0.003], but not with age of onset of diabetes [P>0.05]. Mean level of HbA1c was significantly higher in diabetics with LJM than in those without LJM [P<0.001]. The presence and severity of LJM was inversely correlated with height for age and weight for age indices in the study group [P<0.05]. The observed results are in accordance with prevalence rates reported previously. Since LJM has been associated with more serious long-term complications of diabetes in cross-sectional studies, we believe diabetic patients should be tested routinely for this forgotten sign and appropriate preventive measures should be taken

study of training influence on the knowledge of the female students of Shiraz University dormitories about breast and cervix cancer screening examinations

The effect of screening and early diagnosis of the breast and cervix cancer on increasing the survival and life quality of patients has been proven. The awareness of the young women of screening examination for such cancers is very helpful on early diagnosis and good prognosis. This study has been carried out to determine the effect of training the female students on breast and cervix cancer screening examinations in Shiraz [medical and non-medical sciences] universities dormitory. This interventional case-control study has been done on 400 students. Simple random sampling was applied for the selection of the dormitory female students. The intervention tool was an educational pamphlet. Data was collected by a questionnaire before and after the intervention, data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and Chi-suare with confidence interval of 95%. The mean point of controls was 10.54 in pre-test and 11.50 in post-test. This was not statistically significant [P=0.12]. The mean point of cases was 8.96 in pre-test and increased to 13.96 in post-test. This was statistically significant [P<0.001]. Before and after intervention, medical students had more knowledge than others. Non-medical students had acquired much more information from the pamphlet [58.9%]. The educational effect of the pamphlet on the student's knowledge has been observed. Thus, the expansion of medical training to target groups, especially non-medical students is recommended. It is proposed that health care managers apply this simple tool to expand the community health behavior