Frequency of intestinal parasites on mental disabilities in rehabilitation centers in Ardabil city at 2011

Background:Although all the advances of medical science has come to achieve, parasitic infections including intestinal parasites in many countries especially in developing countries, is a health problem; according to the annual fees paid by that the World Health Organization and governments to eliminate, prevent and treat them, their existence is still visible. In this study the prevalence of intestinal parasite in mental disability community in Ardabil city will be studied

Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study with was design to detect the prevalence of intestinal parasites on the 216 cases of mental disability under the Social Welfare Organization in Ardabil city, with methods of direct smear, formalin ether concentration method and Modified ziehl-neelsen staining

Results:_From 216 patients 95 samples [44%] were infected with at least one parasite including Blastocystis hominis 41 cases [19%], Entamoeba coli cyst 25 cases [11.6%], Giardia cyst 18 cases [8.3%], Trichuris trichura egg 2 cases [0.9%] and contemporary infection with two parasite Entamoeba coli / Blastocystis hominis cysts and_ Entamoeba coli / Iodamoeba butschili cysts 4 [1.9%] and 3 [1.4%] cases respectively. In 0.5% of cases we found Entamoeba coli cyst with 4 nuclei cysts

Conclusion:_According to the results, levels of intestinal parasitic infections in mental disability community in the Ardabil city in compare to other communities was higher that need to pay more attention of the authorities

[Congenital and acquired abnormalities of reproductive tract of non-pregnant ewes slaughtered in Fars province, Iran]

Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the reproductive tract of female sheep resulting in subfertility, infertility or sterility cannot easily be detected by routine clinical examination. Morphopathological abnormalities of the reproductive tract of ewes were studied by examining a total of 739 genital tracts in abattoirs of Fars province, Iran. From these, the 648 non-pregnant genitalia were examined grossly. In gross examination, 12.3% of the tracts were pregnant. Out of non-pregnant tracts, 16.6% exhibited abnormalities. Histopathologic examination of these tracts revealed endometritis 2.93%, metritis 0.3%, pyometra 0.15%, hydrometra 0.15%, papillary hyperplasia of endometrial epithelium 0.15%, endometriosis 0.3%, fatty change of myometrial cells 0.3%, multifocal to diffuse hemosiderosis 1.23%, follicular cysts 1.85%, luteinizedfollicular cysts 0.6%, paraovarian cysts 0.9%, oophoritis 0.6% and Cysticercus tenuicolis cysts 0.15%. Endometritides were classified as acute or chronic. Acute purulent endometritis and chronic endometritis was diagnosed in 0.75 and 2.18% of the cases, respectively. It was concluded that endometritis and ovarian cysts were the most common abnormalities in the slaughtered ewes

Dentin hypersensitivity: etiology, diagnosis and treatment; a literature review

The objective of this review is to inform practitioners about dentin hypersensitivity [DH]; to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, etiology and clinical management of dentin hypersensitivity and to discuss technical approaches to relieve sensitivity

This clinical information is described in the context of the underlying biology

The author used PUBMED to find relevant English-language literature published in the period 1999 to 2010. The author used combinations of the search terms [dentin], [tooth], [teeth], [hypersensit], [desensitize]

Abstracts and also full text articles to identify studies describing etiology, prevalence, clinical features, controlled clinical trials of treatments and relevant laboratory research on mechanisms of action were used

HIV/HBV Co-infections: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment: a review article

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection, one of the major health priorities, accounts approximately for 350 million chronic cases and a global total of 33 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] in the world. Co-infection with HIV and the HBV presents a significant challenge to health care providers, with different prevalence rates in different parts of the world. It is important to screen all HIV infected individuals for HBV infection and reverse. Infection with HBV becomes more violent in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV/HBV co-infected individuals are at increased risk of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and of experiencing HAART toxicity. In this review, the latest statistics on epidemiology of HIV, HBV and their co-infection has been presented along with prominent characteristics of HBV. Transmission routes which are the common between HBV and HIV are described and the most important ones are described according to the regional and age features. Also, there is a series of actions being performed once HBV infections occur to prevent HIV or to diagnose if the HBV-infected individuals are also infected with HIV. As in treatment case, some of the frequent treatment methods including applying interferon and using nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been discussed. Finally, we would explain the new recommendations for treating patients who were co-infected with HBV and HIV, including staging HBV and HIV treatment, based on the stage of each disease. It also outlines the optimal treatment options, whether the patient is treated for HBV first, HIV first, or HIV and HBV together

[Evaluation of etching technique and storage on shear bond strength of two bonding agents; a self etch and a total etch]

Bonding agents are one of the most important materials in adhesive dentistry. Sixth generation bondings have more simple application than fifth generation, but despite this, it has been addressed by some articles that adhesive strength of sixth generation gradually decreases over time. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of a resin composite with application of two bonding agents [fifth and sixth generation] after three months storage in normal saline. This invitro study was conducted on 40 anterior bovine teeth. After complete removal of enamels, the samples were randomly divided into four groups based on the use of acid etch technique and the type of bonding agents [Excite or Prompt L-pop]. After applying Z250 composite resin, the samples were immersed in normal saline for 90 days and then were thermocycled and subjected to shear bond testing with Dartec universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. In non-etched groups, Prompt L-pop showed significant higher bond strength than Exite, but in etched groups Excite had significantly higher bond strength [p<0.005]. There were no significant differences in Prompt L-pop subgroups with or without etching meanwhile in Excite subgroups, significant differences were found. The use of Excite with acid etching technique provide more reliable bonding than Prompt L-pop to dentin

[Injection of Beliomycin as a primary treatment of cystic hygroma]

Cystic hyfroma is a disorder in lymphatic vessel formation that involves the adjacent organs and can affect them due to its fast growing nature. The main treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical intervention that an have many complications after surgery. Treatment other than surgical interventions is the use of sclerosing agents. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of Beliomycin in treating cystic hygroma. This quasi experimental study was carried out clinically at st-al Zahra and Kashaine hospitals of Isfahan from 1372 to 1383. A checklist including age, sex, cyst location, cystic hygroma volume before and after Beliomycin injection and/or surgery, was completed for each patient. Data was analyzed by T and paired T-Tests. p< 0.05 was considered meaningful. The study was carried out on 72 patients. 24 patients were treated with Beliomycin and 48 patient by surgery. Patients age was below 1 months up to 18 years old. Cystic hygroma was mainly located at neck region [46.8%]. The average size of cystic hygroma was 103.9 +/- 29.66cm[3] before Beliomycin injection and 34.91 +/- 16.19cm[3] after that [p=0.004]. and 43.511 +/- 7.81cm[3] before surgery and 1.39 +/- 1.39cm[3] after that [p=0.006]. The rate of recurrence of lymphingoma in the surgery treated group was 25.1% and in the group treated with Beliomycin was 29.2% with no significant diffference. Regarding the considerable decrease in cyst volume after Beliomycin injection and it's low complication compared to surgery, this method can be used as a primary treatment or supplementary to surgery

Timely versus delayed operation in infants with correctable congential anomalies: a surgery in Isfahan, 2000-2001

Unless performing a timely and appropriate correction, congenital anomalies can conduce to irrecoverable complications. There are different reasons for delay in referring such patients to physician for surgery. By understanding these considerations, we can make an effective approach to reduce the severity of this problem in our community and this is the aim of our study. In a cross sectional study, all 359 eligible cases [neonates and infants suffered from a correctable anomaly which were referred to our centers] and 110 physicians were included for a period of 15 months [2000-2001]. Two main hospitals in our city were set as the data collection centers [Al-Zahra]. Parents' views were extracted by interview. Physicians' knowledge about study subject was assessed by self administered MCQs. In this study 65 percent of all cases who were operated on had been taken to hospital with delay [male to female ratio was 4:1]. Among the cases who received delayed surgical treatment, inguinal hernia was the most prevalent one [39 percent]. Surgery in 32 percent of cases who had delay in their operation caused some degrees of complications. Physicians' misadvise [42 percent], economic problems [25 percent], and hospital terror [17 percent] were accounted as the most prevalent reasons for delayed referrals. Physicians' knowledge about the correctable congenital anomalies in infants was estimated very poor [3 score from 10]. Delay to refer for operation in correctable congenital anomalies is an important dilemma in our community. Public education and also health professional education about this matter can play an admissible role improving the situation. Also, it is needed to make decisions for improving assurance supports in such cases

Improvement of renal function after relief of chronic partial upper urinary tract obstruction

Kidney's functional and anatomical changes reversibility of after treatment of partial ureteropelvic junction obstruction [UPJO] is not defined well. Therefore, in this clinical trial study, we've evaluated these changes. In a clinical trial study with non randomized-simple sampling, 32 patients with chronic partial obstruction of urinary tract due to unilateral UPJO were studied. In each patient, IVU, DMSA, DTPA, and bilateral kidney sonography were down pre and post operatively. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon, and McNemar tests analyzed data. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Mean age of the patients was 5.44 +/- 0.47 years old and 40.6% of the patients were male. Split function mean in DMSA had significant difference, comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. There also was a significant difference in mean of retention time and T1/2 of DTPA [P<0.05], comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Mean of kidney pelvis diameter had significant difference, comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Our study showed that operation of chronic partial obstruction of kidney, could improve kidney function. We also showed that sonographic evaluation of kidneys could help to evaluate kidney function in these patients

[ prevalence of dental fluorosis and its relationship with the level of fluoride in 12-15 years old guidance school students in Southern Iran]

Statement of Problem: Nowadays in all developed countries, attention to health and prevention of disease occurrence has priority to treatment. High fluoride intake through drinking water is one of the important factors of dental fluorosis

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of dental fluorosis and its relationship with level of fluoride in drinking water among children aged 12-15 years old throughout a community in Southern Iran

Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional and cluster random sampling method. 406 guidances school 406 students [186 females and 220 males aged 12-15 years] in Bastak and its suburb, belonging to the city of Bandar Lenge in Hormozgan Province during 1380 were entered our study. ANOVA and t. test were used for statistical analysis by SPSS software

Results: The study showed that high levels of water fluoride amount was the cause of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the area. For instance, the rate of water fluoride in Harang village [1.55 PPM] compared to Jonahs village [0.75 PPM] showed a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in Harang. The community flourosis index [CFI] was 0.83 which was 0.96 and 0.02 in anterior maxilla of boys and girls respectively and in posterior maxilla were 0.81 and 0.89 respectively. In anterior mandible, these figures were 0.77 and 0.84 and in posterior mandible were 0.65 and 0.71

Conclusion: Considering the average level of fluoride in water [1.05 PPM] and the average of local temperature [26.1°C] with CFI of the [0.83], we can conclude that the rate of fluoride in drinking water of this area was above the WHO recommendation. Finally, we suggest that the level of fluoride should be reduced in local drinking water

[ comparative study on the dentin thickness under proximal carious in bitewing radiographs and tooth structure]

Background and aim: carious lesions are generally Sound by dentists, using bitewing, [B.W] radiographs and according to the observed depth of lesions, the treatment plan is designed. Although this Technique is presently the most accepted and common one, due to the use of new high speed films with broad density and high voltages, there are some errors in determining the depth of proximal carious lesions. The goal of this study was to compare dentin thickness under proximal caries in bitewing radiography and tooth structure

Materials and Methods: twenty - five tooth samples, consisting of 20 proximal carious lesions, were selected. Prior to and after caries removal, B.W radiographs were taken. Then, radiographs were investigated by two specialists, [Radiology and Operative Dentistry] and dentin thickness under caries were measured using a probe. Each tooth was then sectioned occluso gingivally and the thickness of dentin under proximal caries, on B.W radiographs and tooth structure, were measured by computer. Five healthy teeth were used as controls and 2 bitewing radiographs, before and after cavity preparation, were taken and dentin thickness were also measured. The data were subjected to t-test

Results: mean dentin thickness in tooth structure was % 57 of its mean thickness in bitewing radiography, showing a %42 reduction

Conclusion: more care should be paid while applying bitewing standard technique and its interpretation. Clinical examinations should also be performed under ideal conditions

[ survey on DMFT rate and its effective factors among 12-year old schoolchildren in Ardekan [2001]]

Background and aim: world Health Organization [WHO] and international federation of dentistry have considered the rate of DMFT at the age of 12 for permanent teeth in the year of 2000 and 2010 maximum as 3 and 1, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess DMFT status and factors affecting on it among 12-year-old children in Ardekan

Methods and Materials: in this observational, descriptive, functional study which was conducted cross-sectionaly, 607 samples [304 urban and 303 rural] were chosen randomly from guidance schools of Ardekan and its suburbs. In this investigation, the effects of different factors on DNFT such as accommodation status number of children, tool-h-brushing status were studied and the maximum effect was attributed to tooth brushing with a considerable decrease on DMFT. Data were subjected to t-test and Chi-Squre and compared by Variance analysis

Results: the rate and total standard deviation of DMFT in Ardekan was 1.453+: 1.5, that 1.6475 1.533 in the city and 1.479k1.372 in villages. Mean caries free people was 4176, in the city 40% and in village 42%. Mean decayed teeth [D] in the city and villages were 1.07 and 1.207, respectively. Mean extracted teeth in the city was 110% and that of villages was 46%. Mean filled teeth in the city and villages were 831% and 46%, respectively

Conclusion: average DMFT based on sex was 1.092 for females and 1.987 for males in the city and 1.453 for females and 1.293 for males in villages