[Repelling property of the methalonic and hexanic extracts of Sambucus ebulus L. against the Culex pipiens: in-vitro study]

Background and Objective: The anti inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant of Sambucus ebulus L. have been reported in several studies. This study was done to assess the repelling property of the methalonic and hexanic extracts of Sambucus ebulus L. against the Culex pipiens

Methods: In this experimental study, Sambucus ebulus L. collected from the natural inhabitants of Mazandran province in northern Iran. Methalonic and hexanic extraction were provided from the leaf and fruit of Sambucus ebulus L. Concentration of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg was prepared. 0.4 ml of the extract prepared and was spreed on the albino skin area of 4×6 cm2. After 30 minutes the number of the mosquito [Culex pipiens] bites on the skin was recorded. N, Ndiethyl-3 methyl benzamide was considered as positive control

Results: The highest repelling property of the Sambucus ebulus L. belonged to the concentration of 250 mg/kg of leaf and fruit extraction. The highest repelling effect was 80% and 66.8% for leaf methalonic and hexanic extract, respectively. The highest repelling effect was 84% and 72% for fruit metalonic and hexanic extract, respectively [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The methalonic extract of Sambucus ebulus L. had higher repelling efficiency compared to the hexanic extract. The fruit extract also had better effect than the leaf extract

Study of efficacy of vaccination against yersinosis in rainbow trout using local strains of Yersinia ruckeri

Outbreak and development of yersiniosis in rainbow trout farms in Iran has caused a serious problem over the last years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immersion vaccination with Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout. Prior to antigen preparation, the phenotypic, molecular and serological features of a number of Yersinia ruckeri isolates obtained from affected trout farms were studied. The virulent of these isolates were then evaluated using intra peritoneal injection route. Trout were vaccinated by immersion route [3 min at 12 °C] using Yersinia ruckeri bacterin of the virulent strains. The efficacy of vaccine antibody titer within 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post vaccination were evaluated using relative percent survival. The phenotyping, serological and molecular studies have led to identification of 8 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri and all the isolates produced bands 409 bp, which is indicative of Yersinia ruckeri. In pathogenicity test 3 isolates caused above 50% mortality, while 5 isolates reached 16%. The RPS of vaccinated fish reached 72.7, 80, 80, 82.2 and 83.3% within 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post vaccination, respectively. In the other words, the mortality level in vaccinated groups was in range of 10-20% within 10 weeks post vaccination, while those of control group was in range 56.7 - 73.3% [p<0.05] .The lowest and the highest antibody titers in immunized groups were 32 +/- 4.50 and 164.57 +/- 9.37 respectively, obtained after 4 and 10 weeks of immunization, whereas the control group had no measurable titer of antibody. The results of this study clearly show that this vaccine can remarkably protect the trout from yersiniosis outbreaks inside Iran

[Fungal flora in external ear canal in chronic otitis media]

Fungal ear infection is common diseases in tropical areas with manifestation of acute and chronic clinical symptoms in external ear canal. This study was done to compare the fungal flora in external ear canal in chronic otitis media and subjects without otitis media. This case-control study was done on 63 patients with chronic otitis media and 63 subjects without otitis media. Samples were taken from external ear canal with a sterile swab and were placed in the sterile tubes containing normal saline. The direct smear was prepared and samples were cultured in S, SCC and CMA [corn meal agar] media. Identification of genus and species were established using slide culture method and Germ-tube assay. Positive fungi culture in external ear canal was seen in 77.78% and 17.46% of case and control groups, respectively [P<0.05]. The most common type of fungi was Saprophyts [57.33%] followed by yeast [20.59%] and dermatophytes [17.32%]. The most prevalent fungi in the subgroup of Saprophytes and dermatophytes was Aspergillusnigra [41.66%] and Trichophytonmentagrophytes [36.37%], respectively. The most common subgroup in yeast was Candida SPP with 53.85%. This study showed that the positive fungi culture in external ear canal is more prevalent in patients with chronic otitis media

study of the plerocercoid of diphyllobothriidae [cestoda, pseudophyllidea] in two cyprinid hosts, Abramis brama and Alburnoides bipunctatus from north and northwest of Iran

The plerocercoid stage of Pseudophyllidean cestoda infected a wide range of fresh water fish, particularly the members of the Cyprinidae family. The parasite species are the most common pathogens that have severe effects on fish. The aim of the present study is to determine the occurrence and distribution of the plerocercoid of Diphyllobothriidae in two freshwater fish from north and northwest of Iran. Finally, we discuss the role and dynamics of these species of fish in the transmission of infection. This study was carried out from September 2011 to September 2012on a total of 883 A. bipunctatus and 418 A. brama from north and northwest of Iran. The samples were analyzed to find the plerocercoid infection. From a total number of 883 A. Bipunctatus and 418 A. brama fish samples, 558 fish [63.19%] of the former and 67 fish [16.02%] of the latter were infected. The rate of infection was significantly lower in winter [p<0.01]. Also, the weight of infected fish was significantly lower than noninfected ones [p<0.01]. Moreover, the infection in northwest of Iran was significantly higher than north of Iran [p<0.01]. The family of Diphyllobothriidae is an important cestode and the prevention programs to break the cycle of infection are essential. More suitable solutions to tackle the problem, further epidemiological studies on other fresh water sources of Iran are needed

Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women referring to the reference laboratory of Zahedan, Iran [2011]

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections worldwide. Contamination of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis may cause fetal death, preterm delivery and congenital Toxoplasmosis. Due to importance of congenital Toxoplasmosis and the need of further study, this research was accomplished in Zahedan. The serum samples [N= 221] were collected from pregnant women referring to reference laboratory of Zahedan in 2011. The IgG and IgM antibody levels against toxoplasmosis were investigated using ELISA method. Out of all samples, 30.8% are IgG positive and 1.4% are both IgG and IgM positive. There is no significant difference between positive and negative groups using Chi-square tests. The main part of pregnant women in Zahedan [69.2%] is serologically negative against toxoplasmosis; therefore, hygiene education to eliminate risk factors especially during pregnancy period seems to be imperative

[Genetic diversity of isolated Lactococcus garvieae from rainbow trout [Onchorhynchus mykiss] mortality in Iran]

Lactococcus garvieae is one of the main causative agents of Streptococcosis/Lactococcosis in farmed fish particularly in rainbow trout causing remarkable losses each year. To study the genetic diversity of Lactococcus garvieae strains recovered from the mortality of farmed rainbow trout in different provinces of Iran. The Gram positive cocci were first obtained from the kidney tissues of diseased trout. The bacterial isolates were grown on blood agar and were then identified by PCR method. Their genetic diversities were then studied using RAPD. The recovered gram positive cocci strains were identified as L. garvieae producing a 1100 bp in PCR procedure. In RAPD studies using 6 random primers [P1-P6], only primer P4 was able to produce higher number of bands [five bands]. Therefore, using this primer four profile patterns consisting of 560-1330 bp in 5 bands, 56-1260 bp in 5 bands, 560-1260 bp in 4 bands and 560-1200 bp in 5 bands were obtained. The phylogenetic tree of the RAPD product using UPMGA software included these strains in three different clusters with four different genetic groups. The results of this study clearly show that L. garvieae strains from the diseased rainbow trout in the north part of Iran are geneticly different from those in the west country, although there is some genetic similarity between some strains of these two regions of country

Identification of Gyrodactylus gurleyi in Carassius auratus using morphometric and molecular characterization

Gyrodactylus is a small monogenean ectoparasite that lives on the skin and fins of most of the world's fish species. Gyrodactylus appears to be one of the most prevalent parasites found in ornamental fish, especially in Cyprinids. Goldfish [Carassius auratus] are a popular ornamental fish that are highly contaminated by Gyrodcatylus. The present study is aimed to identify morphological and molecular characteristics of the Gyrodactylus parasite on gold fish. The morphological identification of Gyrodactylus specimens was performed using the measurements and drawings of opisthaptoral hard parts of the parasites. The molecular species description was based on a polymerase chain reaction [PCR] of partial sequence of the 5.8S region of ribosomal RNA, and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 [ITS2] of ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were compared with corresponding sequencing registered in GenBank. Based on the morphometric analysis and sequencing, the Gyrodactylus specimens were described as Gyrodactylus gurleyi. A combination of molecular techniques with morphological analysis seems to be the best approach for the identification of Gyrodactylus speices

[Study of glycoconjugates terminal sugars during gonadogenesis in rat by lectin histochemical method]

Gonadogenesis is a complex developmental process which is regulated by molecular interactions such as cell surface and extracellular matrix [ECM] Glycoconjugates terminal sugars. The aim of this study was to determine Glycoconjugates terminal sugars expressions and changes during Gonadogenesis in Rat using Lectin histochemical technique. To determine of glycoconjugate terminal sugers by Lectin histochemistry method, thirty Wistar Rat embryos at different stages from days 12 to 16 of gestation were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and cut in to 5microm thickness sections serially. The sections were incubated with different HRP- lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus [LTA], Maclura pomifera[MPA] and Arachis hypogaea or Peanut [PNA], that are specific for terminal sugars L-Fuc [alpha2-4]GlcNAc, Gal[beta1-3]GalNAc and D-Gal[beta1-3]DGalNAc respectively. On the basis of colorimetery data that was determined by blind's method, sections were graded and SPSS statistic soft ware and kruscal Wallis tests were used for comparing different embryonic stages. Our finding showed that LTA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12]. LTA reactivity was found in extracellular matrix [ECM] of developing gonads from E14 through E16 [P<0.05] and PGCS as well as surface epithelium at E16 [P<0.05]. Surface epithelium were reacted with MPA from E12 to E14 and increased LTA reactivity at E16 [P<0.05]. ECM was reacted with MPA at E14 and diminished at E16 [P<0.05]. LTA reactivity was found in PGCS at E16. PNA did not react with developing gonads at gestational day 12[E12] but its reaction was started with PGCS from E14 and increased to E16 [P<0.05]. In addition, PNA reactivity was started with ECM and surface epithelium from E14 and increased at E16 significantly [P<0.05]. According to our result, it is concluded that the expression and changes of glycoconjugates with terminal sugars L -Fuc [alpha2-4] GlcNAC, and D-Gal [beta1-3] DGalNAC are regulated developmentally during rat gonadogenesis

[ rare anatomical variation of sciatic nerve and its relationship with piriformis muscle]

Sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve of the body which is formed by ventral branches of L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3 of spinal nerves as a part of sacral plexus in pelvis. It leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle and descends between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity, along the back of the thigh and dividing into the tibial and common peroneal [fibular] nerves, at a varying level proximal to the knee. In addition, the piriformis muscle, the intrapelvic muscle, may compress the sciatic nerve and causes the piriformis syndrome. At present case, sciatic nerve was divided in the pelvis and left the pelvis via supera piriformis, inferapiriformis and interapiriformis. According to the reports about the variations of sciatic nerve regarding to its leaving and dividing point, it is important in surgical operations, muscular injection in gluteal regions and piriformis syndrome

[Study of gregarine infection in Kiddi shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera] and pacific white shrimp [Litopenaeus vannamei] in Khouzestan province]

One of the most important causes of shrimp diseases in wild environment and Farms are Parasitic disease and Gregarines are the reutine parasites in shrimp. This study was conducted in Khouzestan Province, to determine the prevalence and intensity of Gregarine parasites in Kiddi shrimp [Prapenaeopsis stylifera], a natural species of Persian Gulf, and Pacific white shrimp [Litopenaeus vannamei], currently the major cultured species in Iran. Shrimps were randomly collected from Persian Gulf and Choebde shrimp farms in Abadan, Digestive tracts of the shrimps were studied using wet-mount diagnostic procedure. In this study no Gregarine parasites were observed in Pacific white shrimp whereas infection rate among Kiddi shrimp was 32.5% including Genera: Nematopsis, Rotundula, Heliospora and other unknown Gregarine parasites. The highest infection rate belonged to Genus Nematopsis[%9.55] According to the published materials available, this is the first report of Kiddi shrimp being' parasitized with [Gregarine parasites. Also the relationship between shrimp body length and the rate of infection was found to be positive. But there was no meaningful relationship between sex and the rate of infection

[Study on hematology and serum biochemistry of common carp [Cyprinus carpio] after low cadmium concentration exposure]

High concentration of heavy metals or long time exposure to low concentrations of these metals can usually decrease the hematological indices in fish. Therefore the aim of this study was to indicate changes in hematology and serum chemistry of common carp [cyprinus carpio] after low cadmium concentration exposure. 60 apparently healthy common carp [mean weight of 700g] divided in two groups and transfred to 1000 liter indoor fiberglass tanks under controlled conditions. Treatment group was exposed to low concentration of cadmium [30ppb]. Blood were exsanguinated randomly from 5 fish in each group through the caudal vein at days 15 and 30 of exposure. The hematological and biochemical parameters [WBC, RBC, different count, hematocrit, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations, albumin: globulin ratio, LDH, ALT, and AST] were determined. Results revealed that WBC counts decreased significantly on the 15th day of exposure [p<0.05]. Furthermore, WBC counts decreased significantly on the 30th day of exposure [p<0.05]. The levels of LDH after day 30 of exposure, significantly increased in the test group compared to the control. In the test group, LDH levels significantly increased at the 30th day of exposure. No significant differences have been observed between control and test groups in respect to the other parameters. This study showed that the exposure time for sublethal concentration of cadmium is an important factor for increasing the LDH levels in common carp

[Effects of eucalyptus globules labill essential oil on some immunological variables of common carp [cyprinus carpio]]

Influence of both dietary and bath administration of Eucalyptus globules labill was evaluated on some immunological variables of common carp [Cyprinus carpio] under temperature less than optimum in order to determine stimulatory effect of the essential oils. Fish weighing 30-35 g were bathed or fed with different doses of 30, 60 and 120 micro/L or mg/kg feed for a period of 8 days. Serum lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, total white blood cells, total protein, globulin and albumin were measured on days 1, 2, 8, 15 and 23 after the essential oils administration. On day 23 post administration the remaining fish from each group were intraperitonealy injected with killed Aeromonas hydrophila [6x10[8] cells/ml] and antibody titer was measured 3 weeks later. The obtained results showed that Eucalyptus globules had a limited immunostimulatory effect on these immunological variables although antibody titers and total white blood cells in some test groups were significantly [p<0.05] higher than the control one. The reduction of the immunological factors is probably related to the lower water temperature, inappropriate administrating dose and duration of essential oils administration

Comparison of the effects of ceftriaxone and cefazolin regimes in the treatment of adult acute pyelonephritis

Background and Purpose: There have been variations on the response rate of microorganisms causing pyelonephritis to antibiotics in different studies. The present study was conducted to compare the drug resistance against Ceftriaxone and Cefazolin in adult acute pyelonephritis

Methods and Materials: In this phase-3 single blind clinical trial, 86 patients suffering from pyelonephritis were selected through successive sampling, and were randomly assigned into one of the two groups after they signed an informed consent: Ceftriaxone 1g every 12 hours and IV Cefazolin 1g every 8 hours. Seventy two hours after the onset of treatment, patients were examined for their clinical and laboratory resistance. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and Kappa coefficient

Results: Mean fever alleviation time were 2.63 +/- 0.95 and 2.77 +/- 0.81 days in the ceftriaxone and cefazolin groups respectively [p=0.2]. Urinary culture 72 hours after treatment was positive in 7% of patients in both groups. In the ceftriaxone group, 51.2% of the patients were sensitive clinically and in the laboratory results. In total, 9.3% were sensitive in laboratory and clinically resistant; and 39.5% were sensitive in laboratory despite being clinically resistant. With the cefazolin group, 51.2% were both clinically and laboratory sensitive; and 7% were clinically and laboratory resistant; also, 11.6% were sensitive in laboratory but clinically resistant; but 30.2% were clinically sensitive despite being resistant in the laboratory results

Conclusion: In the treatment of non-complicated upper urinary infections, the therapeutic effect of cefazolin is not different from that of ceftriaxone, which is broad spectrum and more expensive

Study on distribution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis [IHN] in five major provinces producing rainbowtrout [oncorhynchus mykiss] fry in Iran by indirect fluorescence antibody [IFAT] and nested -RT- PCR techniques

Distribution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis[IHN] was studied in five major provinces producing rainbow trout[Oncorhynchus mykiss]fry in Iran by indirect fluorescence antibody IFAT and nested-RT-PCR techniques. Also the effect of time duration was examined on some positive samples after 8 months post sampling. Samples of kidney, liver and spleen of rainbow trout fries collected from 27 trout farms were processed and examinated. Fourteen trout hatcher is located in all provinces were identified to be contaminated with IHNV tested by both techniques. The obtained results also showed that nested-RT-PCR is more sensitive than IFAT test particularly if samples are stored for a longer time

Isolation and identification of parasite and saprophyte fungi from fungal affected eggs of the rainbow trout [oncorhynchus mykiss] in Mazandaran province

The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify parasites and saprophytes from fungal affected eggs of Rainboe trout.The samples[n = 900] were obtained from six fish farm and transferred to mycology laboratory in stril tubes. The samples were inoculated in cculture media, [SDA, CMA, GPagar and hemp seeds cultures] at room temperature [18-24 C]. Twelve species of fungi isolated from the fungal eggs. Three isolated fungi were belonged to the saprolegniaceas' family including: Saprolegnia parasitica, Saprolegnia sp., Achlya sp. Other nine fungi were: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Paeciliomyces, Acremonium, Fusarium oxysporum, F.solani, Alternaria, Mucor and Helminthosporium. In this study three species of pathogenic aquatic fungi were Saprolegnia parasitica, Saprolegnia sp., Achlya sp. It seems that saprolegnia parasitica was the most important fungal egg infestation in Mazandaran salmonid hatcheries. Meanwhile, saprophytic fungi can help for spreading of fungal egg infection

Utilization pattern of antibiotics in different wards of Sari Imam Khomeini teaching hospital

Due to an increase in cases of irrational drug prescription and it's health and economic consequences, evaluation of the rational use of drugs seemed necessary. Among drug groups antibiotics are greatly significant. Utilization pattern of antibiotics in different wards of Sari Imam Khomeini teaching hospital in the first half of 2000 and 2005 were reviewed. ATC/DDD [Anatomic, Therapeutic, Chemical/ Defined Daily Dose] methodology was used. Data showed, use of antibiotics jumped from 95.4 DBDs [DDD per patient's bed-days] to 124 DBDs. Distribution of different class of anti-microbial, showed the highest increase in use of vancomycin and clindamycin. Use of cotrimoxazole and aminoglycosides remained fairly unchanged, howerrs consumption of Penicillin G dropped. In year 2005, ICU ward followed by gynecology, were among the University Hospital departments with the highest consumption of antibiotics. Cefazolin was the most prescribed antibiotics during this study. It appears that there is a need for more national drug policities and drug education program for health care professionals. Evaluation of drug distribution in hospitals seems to be necessary

effect of Amirkabiria odoratissima extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretion level in rat

Amirkabiria odoratissima is widely used as an odorant in east south provinces. Many people believe that this plant is useful in treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of the plant extract on the secretion rate of acid and pepsin in the stomach of the rats studied. This is an experimental study involving 3 groups of rats, 8 in each group. The control group received placebo and case groups were received 100 mg/kg and 16.2 mg/kg of Amirkabiria odoratissima by gastrodeodenostomy canola. After anesthesia with nesdonal, 50 mg/kg IP, rats were gone under surgical process, tracheotomy. Subsequently, stomach secretion obtained using Wash Out method included in the first and the second base and measured acid by titrimetry method and pepsin by Anson method. Data were analyzed using t and ANOVA methods. The amount of acid significantly decreased in both Amirkabiria odoratissima groups compared to control group [p<0.001]. However, there was no significant change in pepsin secretion [p>0.05]. Using of Amirkabiria odoratissima decreases gastric acid secretion and may be useful in patients with gastro intestinal disorders

[Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of fractionated extracts in different parts of Sambucus ebulus]

In Iranian folk medicine, the leaves and rhizomes of the plant Sambucus ebulus have been used topically for curing painful joint diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive efficacy of different parts of Sambucus ebulus in mice and rats. Different parts of Sambucus ebulus were collected from Sari. Fruits, leaves and roots were fractionated by successive solvent extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate and finally methanol. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts were determined using hot plate, writhing and carrageenan-induced inflammation tests in mice and rats respectively. Nearly all extracts showed a dose dependent and marked analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities when compared to the control. Only hexane extract of leaves did not show any anti-inflammatory activity up to 600 mg/kg i.p. Hexane extract possessed significantly higher activity than methanol extract. Ethyl acetate extract were withdrawn because of severe nociceptive response in mice. No extracts exhibited any toxicity up to 2 g/ kg body weight intraperitoneally in mice for one week. The results of the present study support the folkloric utilization of this herb. Hexane extract of fruits showed highest analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical analysis, the elucidation of exact mechanism of action and active components responsible for the hypernociceptive effect of ethyl acetate extract requires further investigations