accessory nerve

The radical neck dissection [RND] in the management of head and neck cancers may be done in the expense of the spinal accessory nerve [SAN] 1. De-innervations of the muscles supplied by SAN and integrated in the movements of the shoulder joint, often result in shoulder dysfunction. Usually the result is shoulder syndrome which subsequently affects the quality of life1. The modified radical neck dissections [MRND] and selective neck dissection [SND] intend to minimize the dysfunction of the shoulder by preserving the SAN, especially in supra-hyoid neck dissection [Level I-III +/- IV] and lateral neck dissection [level II-IV]2, 3. This article aims to focus on the SAN to increase the awareness during MRND and SND

Role of vitamin E in dietary iron overload in rats

The effect of chronic dietary iron overload on various organs of adult male and female rats was studied and compared with concomitant administration of vitamin E, 2 hours before iron. 60 mature rats of both sexes were used and divided into equal 5 groups. The first group received control diet.The second group received corn oil. Ferrous iron [100 mg/kg/day] was given orally to group III. Vitamin E [10 gm/kg/day] was given orally either separate [group IV] or 2 hours before iron supplementation. After 6 weeks serum and organs iron were estimated together with serum GOT, GPT, acid and alkaline phosphates and total lipids. Furthermore histopathological and histochemical study of iron storage were carried out in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, stomach and intestine. Iron overload induced marked rise of iron in serum with histochemical demonstration of its granules in liver, spleen, abdominal lymph nodes, bone marrow, stomach and intestine, associated by elevation in serum GOT, GPT, acid and alkaline phosphatases with reduction in total serum lipids.These pathological and biochemical changes were more evident in male rats than females. They were on the other hand, markedly improved by presupplementation with vitamin E. However, the resulting improvement was still significantly higher than the controls which issues our recommendation for further study using larger doses of vitamin E

Food and feeding habits of the Egyptian toad, Bufo regularis in Alexandria district

The stomach contents of 180 Bufo regularis showed that this toad feeds on a wide range of terrestrial and semiaquatic animals of which insects form a greater part. Feeding was confined to the rocks and vegetation bordering the water falls. Although adult toads were capable of ingesting large prey up to a maximum length of 17.3 mm, they showed a definite preference for prey animals within the size-range of 2 to 9 mm length. This species is unselective and has sedentary habit. The time of peak abundance of prey is different for the various taxonomic groups consumed, and it was suggested that the monthly fluctuations in the amount and type of prey ingested depend largely on the activity of the prey

Acclimatization and theroregulation in the Egyptian lizard chalcides ocellatus

The Egyptian lizard Chalcides ocellatus regulates its body temperature by behavioural exploitation of thermal environment. In fact this animal is able to maintain its preferred body temperature within 22.4 and 28.3?C. There was a great difference in the mean temperatures between that of the air temperature and its cloacal one, during January and February .- The animals require two days to get acclimatized to higher or lower temperatures .- Since there were no sexual differences in preferred body temperatures within the animals, none of the data are separated on the basis of sex - Acclimation to a high temperature [40?C] resulted in the selection of a lowered mean preferred body temperature, wheareas acclimation to lower temperature [from 18 to 25?C] produced increase in the preferred body temperature