[Effects of oral sodium nitrate administration on cell blood count in obese type 2 diabetic male rats]

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Nitrate has been introduced as a new therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. Considering that both diabetes and nitrate have some effects on blood cell count and 30% of diabetic patients have anemia, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium nitrate on blood cell count in obese type 2 diabetic rats

Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, Control + nitrate, Diabetes and Diabetes + nitrate. The groups that received nitrate [Control + nitrate, Diabetes + nitrate] again were divided into two subgroups, which received sodium nitrate [100 and 250 mg/L in drinking water] for two months: control+nitrate100 [CN100], control+nitrate 250 [CN250], diabetes+nitrate100 [DN100], and diabetes+nitrate250 [DN250]. Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet for 14 days and injection of streptozotocin. Blood cell count was performed at the end of the study

Results: In diabetic rats, nitrate administration reduced body weight, blood glucose, hematocrits, and neutrophils [all p<0.05] but increased total number of white blood cells and lymphocytes [p<0.05]. Nitrate administration had no effect on the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, or platelet numbers

Conclusion: Administration of sodium nitrate, which is considered as a therapeutic agent in type 2 diabetes, decreased blood glucose in the type 2 diabetic rats but had no major harmful effects on blood parameters; in addition, it may also have anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the number of neutrophils

[ effect of combined training [hip abductor and external rotators strengthening + balance] on pain and performance in the patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome]

Background and Aim: patellofemoral pain syndrome [PFPS] is an orthopedic disorder of the knee joint which results in pain and impairment of performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise [hip abductor and external rotators strengthening + balance] on pain and performance in the patients with PFPS

Materials and Methods: in this semi experimental study, 20 men with PFPS were selected by purposeful sampling and then randomly assigned to two groups, i.e. experimental [n=10] and control [n=10] groups. The experimental group performed a training program which consisted of hip abductor and external rotators strengthening and balance exercises, 3 sessions per week for eighth weeks. Pain and physical performance in the patients were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] and WOMAC respectively, before and after exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. P

Results: the results indicated that the changes and interactions of the two variables of pain [F=14/2 and p=0/001] and physical performance [F=60/2 and p=0/001] were significant in the experimental group [P < 0.05] after exercise. The results also showed that the experimental group, had reduced pain and showed a significant improvement in the physical performance [p<0/05], compared to the control group

Conclusion: considering the effectiveness of training in the improvement of performance and reduction of pain, this training protocol can be useful in the physical rehabilitation of PFPs

[Characterization of effective parameters on the synthesized gold nanoparticles and investigating their antimicrobial activities using aqueous extract of hibiscus sabdariffa L.]

Background: During the last decade research have been focussed on developing simple, clean, non-toxic, cost effective and ecofriendly protocols for synthesis of nanoparticles

Objective: The current study aim to characterization and biosynthesis of gold nano particles [Au NPs] using calyx aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and study of their antimicrobial activity

Methods: Gold nano particles [AuNPs] were biosynthesized by using HAuCl4.3H2O and the calyx aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. In order to gain the best AuNPs with a uniform shape and size, parameters affecting on synthesis such as: volume of plant extract, pH of the reaction, concentration of HAuCl4.3H2O solution, time of reaction were investigated and optimized by UVVis spectrophotometry. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy [TEM] and X-ray diffraction [XRD] were used for further characterization of the nanoparticles. Finally, the antibacterial properties of gold nanoparticles were evaluated by disc diffusion method

Results: The results of transmission electron image identified the formation of spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 5-10nm. A sharp peak with a maximum absorbance of 570nm was observed which is the characteristic wavelength of gold nanoparticles. The highest inhibition were obtained with the gold nanoparticles against Hafnia alvei bacteria

Conclusion: In this study, the gold nanoparticles synthesized by calyx aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa L. and they have relatively good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria

[ importance of nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway on browning of white-adipose tissue in diabetes and obesity: a review]

Introduction: Adipose tissue, both white and brown, play an important role in energy homoeostasis. These tissues contain three types of adipocytes, white, brown, and beige [brown-in-white] adipocytes. The beige adipocytes of white adipose tissue, have a white fat-like phenotype and upon stimulation change to a brown fat-like phenotype, leading to increased thermogenesis, a phenomenon called browning. Obesity, a risk factor for the development of diabetes, with an increasing prevalence worldwide, depends not only on the intake-consumption ratio of calories, but also on the ratio of white-to-brown adipose tissue. Browning of white adipose tissue in humans is associated with beneficial metabolic effects. Nitric oxide deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase enzymes [classic pathway] and also independently from nitric oxide synthase- [nitrate-nitrite pathway]. Nitric oxide production from the nitrate-nitrite pathway could potentially be used as a nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. The aims of this review is to summarize the properties of adipose tissue browning, and also, the browning effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide. Based on literature available, administration of nitrate and nitrite can be considered to be a new treatment for obesity and diabetes. Nitrate and nitrite increase browning of white adipocytes by increasing nitric oxide and can improve metabolism?

[A review of high fat diet-streptozotocin model for induction of type 2 diabetes in rat]

Introduction: diabetes, one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, has many complications and current treatments impose a high cost on health system necessitating that newer treatments be investigated. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells. Considering the restrictions of human studies, animal models of diabetes are appropriate tools for researches. Rodents are the first choice for inducing diabetes mellitus due to their short generation time and economic considerations. There are several animal models of type 2 diabetes, of which, those with both beta cell impairment and insulin resistance are preferable. In the high fat diet-streptozotocin model, as a model of type 2 diabetes, high fat diet induces insulin resistance and streptozotocin causes partial beta cell destruction. The high fat diet-streptozotocin model is a cost-effective and appropriate model for studying type 2 diabetes. In conclusion high fat diet-streptozotocin model has metabolic characteristics similar to those of human type 2 diabetes and can be used for investigating the effects of more recent antidiabetic medications available for the condition

[Effect of oral nitrate administration on myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats]

Cardiovascular diseases are the most important complications of diabetes, representing the ultimate cause of death in more than half of all patients with the disease. Nitrate has been demonstrated to be an effective add-on therapy in patients with heart failure but no study has been yet addressed the effect of nitrate therapy on myocardial injury associated with diabetes. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the effect of nitrate therapy on myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups [n=8]: Control, control+nitrate, diabetes, and diabetes+nitrate. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injection of nicotinamide [95 mg/kg] 15 min before injection of streptozotocin [65 mg/kg]. Nitrate in control+nitrate and diabetes+nitrate groups was added to the drinking water [100 mg/L for 2 months]. Serum nitrate+nitrite [NOx], CK-MB, and LDH were measured before and at the end of the study and heart malonyldialdehyde [MDA] was measured at the end of the study. Nitrate therapy in diabetic rats significantly increased serum NOx levels [29.2 +/- 5.6 vs. 42.8 +/- 9.8 micromol/L, P<0.05], decreased heart MDA levels [9.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.6 micromol/L, P<0.05], and decreased serum levels of both CK-MB [471.0 +/- 29.7 vs. 284.9 +/- 10.3 U/L, P<0.05] and LDH [791.6 +/- 21.9 vs. 497.8 +/- 13.1 U/L, P<0.05]. Nitrate therapy provided cardioprotection by increasing NO levels and decreasing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats

[ effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis .L on the level of renal function and liver enzymes in diabetic rats]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of kidney and liver disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Melissa officinalis on indicators of liver function and kidney in diabetic rats

Materials and Methods:Thirtyfive wistar rats were divided into 5 groups [n=7 each] as follows: Control, diabetic control and three diabetic groups, which received alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis at doses of 100, 200 mg/kg body weight respectively through gastric gavage and glibenclamide 10 mg/ kg, for a period of 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin [STZ]. At the end of this period [21 days], blood samples were collected for measurement of liver enzymes and factors for data analysis

Results: Amounts of enzyme levels of alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] in the group treated with the extract, compared to the diabetic control group showed no significant changes, whereas serum levels of alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma glutamyl transferase [GGT] were significantly reduced [P<0.05], which declined most in the group receiving the minimum dose of the extract. Serum creatinine and urea in the group receiving the highest dose showed a significant decrease compared to other groups [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The extract Melissa officinalis with lower levels of liver enzymes, particularly ALP and GGT and renal markers, urea and creatinine was effective in improving liver function and treatment of diseases of the liver and kidneys

Comparison of broiler performance, blood biochemistry, hematology and immune response when feed diets were supplemented with ginger essential oils or mannan-oligosaccharide

BACKGROUND: Nutritional strategies targeting improvement of poultry performance and disease prevention are currently being developed and in this respect the dietary intake of spiced essential oils and pre-biotics in raising broilers is receiving attention.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the effects of diet containing ginger essential oils [GEO] and mannan- oligosaccharide [MOS] on growth performance, biochemical and hematological parameters, lymphoid organ weights and antibody response of broilers.

METHODS: A total of 375 day old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments [five replicates per treatment]. Dietary treatments included basal diet as control, GEO-supplemented diets with inclusion levels of 50 [GEO1], 100 [GEO2] or 200 [GEO3] mg/kg, and MOS supplemented diet with an inclusion level of 2 g/kg.

RESULTS: The birds fed on MOS and GEO3 diets exhibited better feed conversion ratio and higher body weight gain from 1 to 42 day of age compared with control birds [p<0.05]. Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the MOS, GEO2 or GEO3 groups was lower than that of the control group [p<0.05]. Serum cholesterol level was also lower in the GEO2 and MOS groups [p<0.05]. Feeding on GEO3 and MOS diets significantly increased relative bursa weight and secondary antibody titer against infectious bursal disease [IBD] and infectious bronchitis [IB] vaccines as compared with control diet [p<0.05].

CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that higher level of GEO [200 g/kg] similar to MOS supplementation, improved feed efficiency and immune response. This could meet consumers' demand for a safe feed additive

[Prognostic factors in chronic subdural hematoma patients underwent Burr hole trephination surgery method]

Chronic subdural hematoma is a common disease among patients whom admitted in neurosurgical departments. Although therapeutic strategy of this disease is simple but prognosis of patients is not easily predictable. This study was done to determine the Prognostic factors in patients with chronic subdural hematoma underwent Burr hole trephination surgery method. This descriptive - analytic study was done on 90 patients with chronic subdural hematoma whom treated with Burr hole trephination surgery technique in Urmia, Iran during 2009-13. Age, sex and size of hematoma, mid-line shift, density and location of hematoma, level of consciousness before surgery, history of disease, physical examination, post-operative brain expansion and post-operative pneumocephalus were recorded for each patient as possible effective variables in outcome. Patients prognosis were evaluated by modified Rankin scale was considered as follow: 0-1=good, 2-5=bad. 63 [70%] and 27 [30%] of patients were in good and bad prognosis, respectively. Age older than 70 years, level of consciousness less than 12 and history of diabetes were the most significant variables being correlated with bad prognosis after surgery [P<0.05]. Elderly age, level of consciousness prior to surgery and diabetes were correlated with bad prognosis in patients with chronic subdural hematoma underwent Burr hole trephination surgery method

[ review of models of hypothyroidism in the rat: comparison of the thyroid function in rats and humans]

Human subjects can not always used as models for studying disease by researchers because of the potential risks for human health, and in addition, control of interfering factors is not easy in these subjects. Animal biology, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, and genetics are very similar to humans. Animals are suitable models for research, as their functional body system is similar to humans and is easily manipulated. Most of our current knowledge in medical sciences is obtained from animal studies, among which, rats and mice are mostly used for the their shorter lifespans, which creates the possibility of producing many generations and studying total lifespan. The thyroid plays pivotal role in the body and is vital for normal function of almost all tissues throughout life. Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland [hypothyroidism] is a prevalent disorder and as a result animal models of hypothyroidism are often very important for research purposes. Thyroidectomy, genetic manipulation, and using anti-thyroid drugs are the most important ways to induce hypothyroidism in animals. The aim of this study was to review and evaluate different models for induction of hypothyroidism in rat, and in addition to compare the characteristics of rat and human thyroid glands. Anti-thyroid drugs could be used as cheap, available, and simple methods for inducing hypothyroidism, although they may also affect the function of other organs

[ review of hyperthyroidism models in mouse and rat]

Humans can rarely be used as experimental models in medical researches, because of ethical issues. Therefore, some animal models, which have physiological systems similar to humans, are commonly used. In this regard, rats and mice are the most favorable species in research models. The thyroid gland has a key role in human growth and development and is essential for normal functioning of the body systems and tissues. The aim of this study was to review rat and mouse models of hyperthyroidism. Related articles published between 1975-2014 on hyperthyroidism in rat and mice were searched in Pub Med. Hyperthyroidism can be induced in animals using different doses of thyroid hormons [T3 and T4] by oral administration, injection, or with the diet. In addition, transgenic mice could act as a model of hyperthyroidism for the design of specific model of hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' disease. Animal models of hyperthyroidism could be used for studying the disease, treatment and identification of the molecular mechanisms involved. Pharmacologic agents are mostly used for creating animals models of hyperthyroidism because of their easy availability and low cost, compared to genetic techniques that are costly and expensive

Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages

Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill., Asteraceae, has been used as an antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor. This study determined the variation in chemical composition, and antibacterial and antioxidant activity of A. chamaemelifolia collected at two phenological stages within five natural habitats in northern Iran.The highest oil yield was obtained from the Shahkoh population with 1.10 ml/100g dry matter harvested at the 50% flowering stage. The highest values of 1,8-cineole (31.82%) was obtained from the Pelor population at the 50% flowering stage.The highest percentages of artemisia ketone (12.27%), camphor (17.21%), and borneol (13.50%) were obtained from the Kandovan population, harvested before flowering. The highest content of chrysanthenone (18.14%) was obtained from the Gadok population before flowering. The essential oil of the Kandovan population harvested at the 50% flowering stage had the highest percentages of Davanone D (28.44%) and Davanone (28.88%). The A. chamaemelifolia oils inhibited the growth of four bacterial pathogens, while these same oils exhibit weak antioxidant (DPPH) activity. The results indicated A. chamaemelifolia contained three chemotypes: 1,8-cineole, davanone and/or Davanone D, and chrysanthenone. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils obtained from various populations of A. chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages may be significant from a pharmaceutical stand point.

[ experimental study of the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chelidonium majus on liver function tests and renal in rats with hypercholesterolemia]

The People believe that herbal medicines are not toxic, but the toxicity of these drugs are reported to be seen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate hepatic and renal toxicity is Chelidonium majus hydroalcoholic extract. In this study, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups [n=7], control group with normal diet and sham group with fat diet and experimental groups of animals hpercholesterolemia that received the minimum dose of 100, averaged 200 and maximum dose of 300 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract Chelidonium majus [that collected from farms in the North of the country] by gavage. After this Period [21 days], blood samples were drawn and levels of liver alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline Phosphatase [ALP], albumin and total Protein as well as renal creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN] were measured. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 17. The ALT was not seen any significant changes between the groups treated with the extract. AST, albumin, total Protein and creatinine increased, but the amount of ALP decreased significantly in high dose of extract. BUN in groups receiving the at least extract dose was not any significant changes compared to the control group but Cholesterol had a decreased significant changes at same dose compared to the control group [p<0.05]. Since the amount of AST, albumin and creatinine extract the maximum dose is increased, especially at doses appear to extract Chelidonium majus have high toxic effects on the liver and kidneys

[Effect of staining solutions and repolishing on composite resin color change]

Success of composite restorations mainly depends on their color stability when in service. The present study aimed at assessing the effect of staining solutions and repolishing on composite resin color change. In this experimental study, 200 specimens were fabricated with A2 and B2 shades of Spectrum [TPH, Dentsply] and Point 4 [Kerr, USA] composite resins [100 specimens each]. Specimens were divided into 5 groups of 10 samples each and immersed in coffee, tea, coke, orange juice and distilled water for 30 days. Specimens were photographed with a digital camera [Fine Pix S9600]. Color analysis was done with CS Photoshop software [CIE lab color space] at baseline, after color change and after repolishing. Obtained results were analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and LSD test. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. All specimens showed a significant color change in all solutions except for water [delta E>3.3]. The greatest color change occurred in B2 Spectrum composite resin in coffee while the smallest color change was observed in A2 Point 4 specimens in water. Except for water and coke, the difference in color change between the two composite resins in all solutions was statistically significant. Color changes of B2 shade were significantly higher than those of A2. Significant improvements were observed in color of specimens after their repolishing. However, color change of specimens in coffee and tea did not improve to the clinically acceptable level by repolishing. Color change of composite restorations depends on the type and shade of composite resin as well as patient's nutritional habits

Healing potential of Iranian traditional medicinal plants on burn wounds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Malva sylvestris, Punica granatum, Amygdalus communis, Arnebia euchroma and Scrophularia deserti are important medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine (Unani) whose have been used as remedy against edema, burn, and wound and for their carminative, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethanol extracts of M. sylvestris and P. granatum flowers, A. communis leaves, A. euchroma roots and S. deserti stems were used to evaluate the burn healing activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Burns were induced in Wistar rats divided into nine groups as following; Group-I: normal rats were treated with simple ointment base (control), Group-II: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base (control), Groups-III and -VII: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base containing of extracts (diabetic animals), Groups VIII: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base containing of mixed extracts, Group-IX: diabetic rats received the standard drug (Silver Sulfadiazine). The efficacy of treatments was evaluated based on wound area, epithelialization time and histopathological characteristics. Wound contraction showed that there is high significant difference between the different groups (p<0.001). At the 18th day, A. euchroma, S. deserti, A. communis and mixed extract ointment treated groups healed 80-90%. At the 9th and 18th days the experiment, the best results were obtained with A. communis and standard drug, when compared to the other groups as well as to the controls. It may be concluded that almond leaves (sweet and bitter) formulated in the simple ointment base is effective in the treatment of burns and thus supports its traditional use.

[ effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on some serum growth factors in non-athlete males during four weeks exhausting endurance-intermittent training]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on two serum growth factors, GH and IGF-I, in non-athlete males during four weeks of exhaustive endurance - intermittent training that causes glycogen depletion. 20 non-athlete healthy males were selected and randomly assigned into four groups including: glucose supplementation with glycogen depletion training group [n=5, supplement 1], glutamine supplementation with glycogen depletion training group [n=5, supplement 2], glycogen depletion training group [n=5, placebo], and a group without any treatment [n=5, control]. The blood samples were collected at the onset of the training protocol, and 48 hours after final training session from anticubital venous. Serum GH and IGF-I concentration were determined by ELISA technique. The main and interaction effects of variables were determined using TWO WAY ANOVA compeleted with Tukey post-hoc test. The significant level was chosen as alpha =0.05. The results showed the significant effect of training variable for serum IGF-I concentration, [p<0.01]. Post-hoc test showed the significant difference between supplement 1 with control groups [p<0.01], and placebo with control [p<0.01]. The effect of training variable was not significant for serum GH concentration. In addation, the effect of supplementation variable was not significant neither for serum IGF-I, nor serum GH concentration. Also, the interaction effect between the two variables was not significant. The results suggested that glucose or glutamine supplementation does not have significant effects on serum GH and IGF-I concentration after four weeks, but four weeks glycogen depletion training causes an increase on the serum IGF-I

[Antimicrobial effects of some traditional plant essential oils on Clostridium perfringence]

Clostridium perfringence is one of the most important pathogens in animals and cause a lot of death in sheeps and goats every year. In human C. perfringence cause food intoxication and gastroentritis. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Thymus daenensis, Hypericum Scabrum, pimpinella anisum on clostridium perfringens in the laboratory culture media. After extracting the essential oils by Steam Distilation method, antimicrobial activity were examined by two methods. At first in the plate method after culturing bacteria on the plate containing Nutrient Agar, 5 mm diameter hole was made by the sterile pastuer pipte and 0.1 ml of each essential oils was added to each whole separetely. In the second step tube dilation method containing Tyoglycolate broth was used to determining the MIC and MBC of the essential oils. The results showed that the pimpinella anisum oils had not any effect on growth of C. perfringence, but the mean value of inhibitory zones for thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils were 8.1 +/- 0.2 and 6.03 +/- 0.15 respectevely. The MIC for thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils were 5% and 15% respectively. The results showed that the MBC of Thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils for C. perfringence were 20% and 40% respectively. Regarding to the results of this study it is posible to use these essential oils as a natural preservative in foods also as a disinfectant on infected tissues

[Effects of high-fat diets based on butter or soybean, olive or fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma desacyl-ghrelin in rats

There is evidence on reciprocal effects of insulin and desacylghrelin [DAG], but associations between secretions of hormones [insulin and DAG] and saturated and unsaturated proportions of edible oils in high-fat diets have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different sources of dietary fat and the extent of fatty acid saturation on plasma insulin and DAG levels and determine the association between DAG and insulin action in rats. Weaning male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups to be fed on one of 4 high-fat diets containing, as the source of fat, butter [HF-b], soybean oil [HB-S], olive oil [HF-O], or fish oil [HF-F]. A fifth group was put on a standard diet [SD]. Blood samples were collected after 8 weeks at non-fasting state and after a 24h fast. Body weight, food intake, and plasma parameters - glucose, insulin, DAG, and HOMA-IR, as an insulin resistance index - were measured. Body weight and food intake in the HF-S and HF-B groups were higher than in the other groups [p<0.05]. In the HF-B group the fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR were both higher as compared to the ST, HF-O or HF-F group [p<0.05]. In addition, the fasting DAG level in the HF-B group was lower than in HF-F, HF-O or ST group [p<0.05]. Finally, the HF-F group had a significantly higher DAG level than the HF-S group [P<0.05]. Diets containing polyunsaturated omega -3 and monounsaturated fatty acids cause lower weight gains and energy intakes. It is likely that these dietary fats could bring about a decrease in appetite through increasing the DAG level, thereby causing weight reduction. It is concluded, then, that they may have a role in lowering HOMA-IR or insulin level

[Effect of combined use of ozone and fluoride on primary root caries]

It has been suggested that delivering ozone into a carious lesion might reduce the number of cariogenic bacteria. This possibly could arrest the progress of the lesion and in the presence of fluoride perhaps allow remineralization. This study investigated the effect of ozone on leathery primary root caries. The study was a clinical trial using a split mouth design. A total of 23 pairs of bilateral leathery primary root caries were selected from Shahid Beheshti Dental School. After brushing, DIAGNODENT values of the samples were recorded in three points. Half of the samples which had been randomly selected were treated for 12 seconds using OZOTOP [MECTRON SWISS Inc.] The opposite arch was selected as the control group. Fluoride therapy was performed on both groups and DIAGNODENT values were measured again. This process was repeated a month later and DIAGNODENT values were recorded. Three months after the initial treatment DIAGNODENT values were measured again. Results were evaluated by using paired t test. The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05. The highest reduction was observed within the group of combined use of fluoride and ozone after 3 months [2.0439]. Comparisons between 3 months from baseline in the intervention group and the control group using paired t-test determined statistically significant differences [P value<0.001]. In a 3-month period, the combined effect of fluoride and ozone in reducing the DIAGNODENT value was higher than using fluoride alone

[ experimental micro leakage study of two self-etch and one total-etch fissure sealants]

The extreme vulnerability to decay in pits and fissures on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth has prompted dental scientists to seek methods of caries prevention. Various criteria, such as bond strength, micro leakage and marginal seal are assessed in the evaluation of sealants. Motivated by the role of pit and fissure sealants in caries prevention, the aim of this study was to compare the micro leakage of Enamel Loc sealant, Concise and Concise +Prompt L-pop resin-based sealants. An in vitro study was undertaken using thirty extracted third molars. The teeth were divided into three groups; an experimental group using Enamel Loc as a pit and fissure sealant, a group using Concise and a group using Concise +Prompt L-pop. The teeth were kept in methylene blue dye 2% for 4 hours, sectioned samples were observed with stereomicroscope for the extent of dye penetration and scores were based on Williams and Winter criteria. Three groups of data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect differences among groups [p>0/001]. The Enamel Loc sealant micro leakage was significantly more than the two other groups [p>0/001]. Furthermore, Concise micro leakage was significantly less than Concise +Prompt L-pop group [p>0/001]. The Enamel Loc sealant performed worse in terms of sealing ability than the Concise and Concise +Prompt L-pop resin-based sealants