Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry, 2015

Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. Up to 2011, all the detected viruses were H5N1, and the overall prevalence was 5%. In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. Since then, the detection rate has increased to around 10%. In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. In contrast, surveillance in the last quarter of 2015 indicated a near absence of H5N1 in Egyptian poultry. Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry

Immunological and biochemical effects of nigella sativa and ultra natural plus on turkeys vaccinated with newcastle and turkey rhinotracheitis virus vaccines

The experiment was designed to study the immunological and biochemical effects of Nigella Sativa [NS] and Ultra-Natural plus [UP] on turkey poults vaccinated against Newcastle disease [ND] and Turkey Rhinotracheitis [TRT] virus vaccines. The results indicated the immunostimulant effect of both NS and UP but the former was more superior. Results at 4 weeks of age proved that Nigella Sativa gives ND HIGM titer, Optical density for TRT, Total serum protein and gamma globulin were 8.6, 0.943, 2.88 and 1.02 versus of 7.4, 0.922, 2.55 and 0.85 in Ultra- Natural plus; respectively. Nigella Sativa challenged groups using NDV and TRTv showed 93.34% and 100% respectively while ultra natural plus challenged groups should 86.67% and 93.34%, respectively