[Causes of hospitalization at Qods Pediatric Hospital of Qazvin [2007]]

determine the causes of hospitalization among 0-12 Ys children referred to Qods pediatric hospital of Qazvin. Data were extracted from the medical records of 750 hospitalized children selected based on classified random sampling method during 2007. The most common groups of diseases were infectious and parasitic diseases [25.3%], respiratory diseases [20.8%], and prenatal disorders [15.2%] and the most frequent diseases were gastroenteritis [22.9%] and pneumonia [14.4%]. According to our findings, conducting epidemiological studies and presenting health-educational program seem to be necessary to prevent and decrease the frequency of infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory diseases, and prenatal disorders

[Hypercalciuria in urinary tract infection of children in Qods teaching hospital of Qazvin]

There are many underlying factors that increase the chance for occurrence of UTI and some reports indicate a role for hypercalciuria in UTI. The objective of this study was to assess the Ca/Cr status in urinary tract infection of children. This was a cross-sectional antegrade study conducted in Qods teaching hospital of Qazvin from 2006-2007, in which 50 children with urinary tract infection were studied for hypercalciuria. To determine hypercalciuria, the Ca/Cr ratio of a random urine sample was measured. Different variables such as age, gender, history of UTI and etc, were compared between hypercalciuric and normocalciuric groups. Results were analyzed with SPSS using t-test and chi square test. Of 50 patients, 27 cases [54%] were found to have hypercalciuria. There was a significant difference between hypercalciuric and normocalciuric groups regarding the abnormal sonographic findings [p<0.05]. Based on results of this study evaluation of hypercalciuria in UTI is recommended

Blood pressure of primary-school children of Eghbalieh city, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study determined the percentiles of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension among 789 primary-school children aged 7-12 years in the city of Eghbalieh, Islamic Republic of Iran. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased with increasing age in both sexes. There was no significant difference between mean systolic pressure in boys and girls overall, but a significant difference was found between boys and girls in 3 age groups. The prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension overall was 6.5% and 12.8% respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of boys and girls in all age groups were significantly lower than the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children scale

[Assessing the refractive errors in beta-thalassemia major patients]

Introduction: beta-thalassemia major caused abnormalities of the eyes because of skeleton deformities, especially in the skull and long-term desferrioxamine [DFD] treatment

Objective: assessing the refractive errors in Beta-thalassemia major patients

Materials and Methods: a total of 71 thalassemia patients who referred lo Qoads hospital of Qazvin, were included in this study. Thirty-seven patients [52%] were female and thirty-four patients [48%] were male seventy one persons who were referred to same Hospital for opthal examinations were randomly selected as control group. All the patients [sample and control] after filling the questionnaires underwent an ophthalmologic and optometric examination by the same optometrist. Ultimately, the data were analyzed by using Spss

Result: the mean age of patients was 16 +/- 50, 37 patients were females and 34 patients were male. Among 71 patients 142 eyes 48 cases, 96 eyes [68%] were hyperopia and 18 cases [25%] were myopia. Whereas, from 142 aged-match control groups, 64 persons [90%] were myopia and 4 persons [5/6%] was hyperopia. The mean of Right and Left Axial length in thalassemia patients showed 22.52 +/- 0.34 and 22.57 +/- 0.38 and for control group showed 23.12 +/- 0. 7 and 23.13 +/- 0.64. There was significant difference between two groups [p<0.05]

Conclusion: the occurrence of refractive error [hyperopia] in thalassemia major patients is affected by either orbital deformity or toxicity of desferrioxamine treatment and should be taken into consideration. This study showed involvement of the Beta-thalassemia major in visual system especially in hyperopia

Foreign bodies aspiration in children

Foreign body aspiration of airways is very dangerous and sometimes fatal. Early diagnosis and rapid management is vital. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics, radiologic findings and the results of bronchoscopic treatment of children due to foreign body aspiration of airways. Medical records of 101 bronchoscopic proven foreign body inhalators were reviewed in Ghods children hospital an affiliate to Ghazvin Medical University from 1995 to 2005. All of foreign bodies were removed with a rigid bronchoscope under general anesthesia. Patients were analyzed for age, sex, symptoms, clinical manifestation, radiologic findings and results of bronchoscopic removal. Data were analyzed with statistical methods. There were 66 [65.3%] boys and 35 [34.7%] girls. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Their ages ranged from 9 months to 12 years and the mean was 44.5 +/- 37 months. 73 [72.3%] of children were less than 3 years old. A clinical history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 58[57.4%]. The most frequent symptoms and physical findings were cough 91[90%], wheezing 40[39.6%] and decreased of pulmonary sounds 37[36.6%]. 24[23.8%] of children had abnormal chest radiography. 86[85.1%] of the foreign bodies were of vegetative origin. Roasted seeds, almond and walnut were the most common. In 51[50.4%] of the cases the foreign bodies were located in the right bronchial tree. The mortality was 1[0.9%]. This study revealed that the most common signs and symptoms of foreign body aspiration are cough, wheezing and decreased breath sounds. For definitive diagnosis bronchoscopy is necessary

[Comparison of helicobacter pylori antibody in rural and urban children in Qazvin]

H.pylori infection has been found to be associated with different diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer and malignancy. The present study was conducted to compare helicobacter pylori antibody in rural and urban children in Qazvin. During this case-control study, 150 children aged 2-month to 12-year [75 urban and 75 rural children] who had been referred to Ghazvin Ghods Children hospital affiliated to Ghazvin University of Medical Sciences were included. Two groups of urban and rural children were matched according to age and sex. Serum IgG and IgA antibodies titer of H.pylori were determined by ELISA method. Of 150 children, 23[12.3%] had positive antibodies titer against H.pylori., of whom 9 [12%] were urban and 14 [18%] were rural children [NS]. There was no statistically significant difference between rural and urban children, however, rural children were more commonly infected

Comparison of maternal risk factors in premature and term newborns

Regarding the high number of birth and the mortality rate of premature newborns, the identification of associated causes is necessary. To compare the maternal risk factors among premature and term newborns in Qazvin during the year 2003. In this case control study, 120 premature and 120 term newborns were evaluated. Information such as blood pressure, history of eclampsia, cigarette smoking, maternal disease, and other were collected from newborn and their mother using the medical files. The data were further analyzed, statically. The results showed that 23 cases [19.2%] of premature mother and 6 cases [5%] of mature mothers had eclampsia [p=0.001]. Twenty three cases [19.2%] of premature mother and 5 cases [4.2%] of term mothers had multiple pregnancies [p<0.05]. Twenty five cases [20.8%] of premature mother and 7 cases [5.8%] of mature mother had history of dilatation and abortion [p<0.001]. PROM was seen in 14 cases [11.7%] of premature mothers and 5 cases [4.2%] of term mothers [p<0.05]. The results of this study showed that factors such as preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, PROM, and abortion, play a role in increased number of premature newborns

Comparison of thyroid hormones levels before and after exchange transfusion in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia

Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hypothyroidism is of prime importance. The aim of this study was to compare thyroid hormones levels before and after exchange transfusion in neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia admitted to Quds children hospital, Qazvin, Iran. This study was performed on 20 neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia chosen as candidates for exchange transfusion. The neonates were full term and over 37 gestational weeks. Thyroid hormones levels of neonates and blood bags were measured using ELISA method. In neonates, the thyroid hormones concentrations were measured at 3 different times: before, immediately after, and also 3 days after exchange transfusion. The results were analysed by test. The data showed that the mean concentrations of T4 and TSH in neonates' blood were higher than in blood bags [P<0.05]. There was a decrease in T4 and TSH values in samples taken immediately after exchange transfusion, although returned to values before exchange after 3 days. There was no statistically significant difference between mean concentrations of T4 and TSH in neonates' blood collected in the periods before and 3 days after exchange transfusion. The data found in our study showed that there was a return to normal values of T4 and TSH in neonates 3 days after exchange transfusion. Thus the screening of neonates for hypothyroidism could be performed at this time

[ use of non-prescribed antibiotic in diarrheal children by mothers in, Qods children hospital [Qazvin]]

The use of non-prescribed antibiotic in children with diarrhea causes higher microbial resistance, poor therapeutic effects and excessive costs for both family and the government. To determine the use of non-prescribed antibiotic in diarrheal children by mothers. Through a descriptive study at Qazvin Qods children hospital [2001], 301 diarrheal children were assessed. A questionnaire was used to collect the information based on replies given to questions made to mothers. The questionnaires contained demographic information and specific questions on history of antibiotic use, the reason for and also questions to evaluate the mother's general knowledge on antibiotic and so on. Mother's and children's mean age were 25.37 years and 24.48 months, respectively. Sixty percent of cases were from an urban setting. Most mothers [23.6%] were found to have primary education. Two hundred mothers [66.2%] had given antibiotic to their children prior to admission to the hospital and among those, 35 [17.5%] reported the use of non-prescribed antibiotics. The most common medicines given by others [37.1%] were pills and syrups routinely used in diarrhea treatment followed by co-trimoxazol [22.8%]. The reasons for use of non-prescribed antibiotic were based on a positive experience in previous diarrhea treatment in 40% of cases and lack of trust in doctors in 11.4% of cases. Ninety four mothers [33%] were found to be unfamiliar with antibiotics. However the use of non-prescribed antibiotics was less than our expectation. Programs for promoting the knowledge of mothers and also their education on drugs' contraindication are necessary

relationship between glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal hyperblirubinemia

Studies have shown that G6PD deficiency results in indirect hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. Determining the relationship between G6PD deficiency and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Through a case-control study, 200 neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia were equally divided into two case and control groups and examined for G6PD deficiency using a commercial G6PD kit and a fluorometric analysis. The data were further analyzed statistically. Results showed that out of 200 neonates, 24 had G6PD deficiency [10 in case group and 14 in control group]. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups. Since the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among nonicteric group [control group] was higher than the icteric group [case group], it seems that the performance of a screening test to measure the G6PD activity in all neonates to be useful

AIDS in children

Aids is an important health problem in developing and developed countries. Recent advances in management of HIV infection have brought a decrease in incidence of infection and aids in children born in America and other western countries while statistically the most infected children are born in developing countries. The primary route of HIV infection in children is perinatal transmission. Perinatal chemoprophylaxis decreases HIV infection in children considerably