Risk factors incidence of surgical wound infection following abdominal hysterectomy

Surgical wound infection is the most common complication following surgery. This study was done to determine the incidence risk factors of surgical wound infection following abdominal hysterectomy. This descriptive study was done on 400 patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy in Babol, North of Iran, during 2008-10. Age, underlying disease, BMI, use of immunosuppressive drugs hospitalization period prior to surgery, shaving and bath time, prophylactic antibiotic, duration of surgery, diagnosis and pathology were recorded for each patient. Evidence of surgical location of infection including surgical discharge, erythema and dehiscence of surgical wound with and without fever during 10 days after surgery were recorded. Surgical wound infection was seen in 26 patients [6.5%] following abdominal hysterectomy. Regression analysis determined, use of immune-suppressive [95% CI: 1.71-480.30, P=0.020, OR:28.70] and emergency operation [95% CI: 1.42-14.39, P=0.011, OR: 4.52], diabetes [95% CI: 1.23-11.26, P=0.020, OR:3.72] were risk factors for surgical wound infection. Immuno-suppressive agents, emergency operation and diabetes increased surgical wound infection in post- abdominal hysterectomy

[Correlation between knowledge and satisfaction of patients from patient- physician relationship]

Introduction: Treatment of diseases is largely depended on the interaction between doctor and patient, and the result of cooperation with clinicians is rapid and successful treatment. Moreover, the relationship is one of the critical factors of the patients' satisfaction, especially next reference of patients. This study is aimed to determine the correlation between knowledge and satisfaction of patients from patient- physician relationship at the hospital affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Materials and Methods: This study has been done in descriptive-correlational method on 309 people who referred to 11 teaching hospitals and medical which covered by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Data was gathered through three questionnaires of [Knowledge of Physician-Patient Relationship], [Satisfaction of Physician-Patient Relationship] and [Physician-Patient Relationship]. Validity of the questionnaires was approved by 3 experts and the reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha [alpha=0.87, alpha =0.87, alpha =0.79]. Data analysis was performed by SPSS/16 and using the Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA

Findings: The mean score of knowledge and satisfaction of patients from physician-patient relationship was respectively, 2.09+/-0.5 and 6.58?34.08. Also, the average scores of correlation between physician and patient were 6.04+/-35.86, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between satisfaction levels of physician - patient relationship [P<0.01]. On the other hand, there wasn't a significant correlation between knowledge of physician- patient relationship and physician- patient relationship

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that patient' knowledge and satisfaction of physician-patients' relationship in Tabriz hospitals were high. It is recommended that a system to be designed to assess the relationship between physician and patient correctly until it give important information

[ effect of neurofeedback training and neurofeedback with occupational therapy based on cognitive rehabilitation on executive functions in autistic children]

Many key problems in autistic children are related to executive dysfunction. This dysfunction is usually occurred due to structural and functional dissociation between brain regions. So neurofeedback can be used as a new treatment procedure in improving children's executive function through modifying brain waves but behavioral changes are usually reflection of long-term changes in the brain level. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate the overall effect of neurofeedback training and behavioral effects caused by adding occupational therapy based on cognitive rehabilitation. Single system [A-B-A-B+C-A] design was used in this study. Participants were 2 children with autism spectrum disorder who completed 41 sessions during the study. They received neurofeedback intervention alone [B] during 20 sessions and in the following 12 sessions neurofeedback with occupational therapy [B+C]. In this study, Wisconsin card sorting and tower of london tests were used for collecting information on children,s executive functions. According to the obtained results, the effect size of neurofeedback training on executive function was high for both participants. The rate of shifting attention was improved as one of the executive function items after adding occupational therapy and also the increasing effect of neurofeedback in planning was maintained. The results of this study showed that neurofeedback can improve executive function in autistic children and the effect of neurofeedback can be more obvious if occupational therapy will be added. But gaining more significant behavioral changes after receiving occupational therapy needs more sessions

Comparison of influencess of pathfile and manual file in reduce of instrument fractyre in the protaper rotary system

The new Path File rotary instruments for mechanical pre flaring were recently introduced and it has been claimed to possess numerous merits in the canal preparations. The present study compared the fracture rates during mechanical pre flaring by using manual [k-files] and Path File in the Pro Taper rotary system. This experimental in vitro study was done on 100 acrylic blocks with the similar curve and working length. The root canals were randomly received mechanical pre flaring using Path File and manual k-files in the blocks. The number of the fractured files was determined when SI, S2, Fl, F2 and F3 files would maintained the working length during the repeated uses. The results of both groups were compared by Kaplan-Meier [Log Rank] statistical test. In the manual system, no case of fractures was seen in SI, S2 and Fl files, however, 2 files fractured after 7[th] use in F2 and 3 files fractured after 5th use in the F3 files. No Path file was fractured in SI too. But, in S2, 1 file was fractured after 6th uses, 2 files fractured in Fl after 6th uses, 2 files fractured in F2 after 7th uses and 4 files fractured in F3 after 5th uses. No significant differences were observed between two systems regarding the number of fractured files [p>0.14]. According to the results, Path File rotary system does not show better results during mechanical pre flaring when compared to manual instruments, although no significant differences were noted between two systems

[Effects of occupational therapy and neurofeedback on recovery of the motor function in stroke patients [a single-system design]]

Motor impairments, such as hemiparesis, incoordination and spasticity, are the most common deficits after stroke. Most patients show recovery in some of their lost motor function over time. Motor rehabilitation are included mixed of combined movement therapy techniques in many occupational clinics, cerebral waves such as Theta wave can influence on patients function. There fore, the purpose of this study is to understand the influence of combined of occupational therapy and neurofeedback on motor recovery of stroke patients. This study used a single-system [A-B] design. During the baseline phase patient's function of upper and lowe limb were measured by Fugl-Meyer and Berg Test on three day intervals during 4 week and have occupational therapy every day. After this time, their treatment program began. In this phase they received combined of neurofeedback and occupational therapy for 4 week. Then results of evaluations of two phases were analysed. Both cases show significant recovery at upper limbs [case1 81.1%, case2 68.1%] and lower limbs [case1 73.1%, case2 75.4%] in Fugel-Mayer test and Berg test [case1 51.6%, case2 68.1%]. Regarding the significant recovery of upper and lower limb function of patients, adding neurofeedback to routine occupational therapy can be considered as a practical method in rehabilitation of stroke patients. However further research is needed

[Complementary therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis]

Given the high cost of medical treatment to control the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis [MS] and the resulted numerous complications, the use of complementary therapy has been increased by these patients. This study aims to determine the status of complimentary therapy in patients with MS who refer to MS Association in Tehran in 2008. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Two hundred patients with MS were recruited by convenience sampling. Data was collected by a researcher made questionnaire using face-to-face interviews and analyzed by descriptive and inferential [Chi-square and ANOVA] statistics using SPSS-PC [v. 11.5]. More than half of sample [60%] has used complimentary therapy. All of them had used non-pharmacological treatment as a supplement and not as a replacement to therapy. The most frequently used methods were exercise, meditation, nutrition therapy, herbal medicines, energy therapy, acupuncture and acupressure respectively. The results also showed that the majority of participants [44/5%] have used one non-pharmacological method and just 11.5% have used two methods or more. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between using complimentary therapy and demographic characteristics of patients except for educational level [P=0/04]. Regarding the widespread use of complementary therapy by patients with MS, these patients are exposed to potential risks and side effects of the treatments. So it is recommended that patients be provided with necessary training. Doing more research on the methods of complimentary therapy and assessment of the reasons for tendency to this type of treatment is also recommended

Beta-carotene, vitamin E, MDA, glutathione reductase and arylesterase activity levels in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis

Many studies have investigated the possible role of reactive oxygen species in the etiology and pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA]. The aim of this study was to investigate the activities of some antioxidants in RA patients. In this case-control study, 59 RA patients and 60 healthy sex and age-matched controls were selected. Vitamin E and Beta-carotene were determined using HPLC. Erythrocytes glutathione reductase [GR] activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and malondialdehyde [MDA] was determined by colorimetric method. Arylesterase activity [AEA] was measured by Phenylacetate. The clinical data were determined by a rheumatologist, medical history and filling the questionnaire by interview. Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS software. In patients with RA, serum MDA level was significantly higher and plasma concentration of vitamin E, Beta-carotene and GR activity, were significantly lower than healthy control [P<0.001]. AEA activity differences between two groups were non-significant. Oxidative stress may play an important role in the inflammation and pathogenesis of RA

Effect of Satureja Khuzestanica on blood coagulation activity in rats

Satureja Khuzestanica is an endemic plant of Iran widely distributed in the southern part of the country. This plant is famous for its medical applications as an analgesic and antiseptic in folk medicine. To investigate the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Satureja Khuzestanica on hemostasis and body weight in vivo. This research was an experimental study carried out in Lorestan Medicinal Herbs Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram-abad, Iran. Thirty six rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. An equivalent of 50 mg of aqueous extract of Satureja Khuzestanica/kg was orally administered. For two weeks the rats in group 1 and 2 received an equal amount of extract once and three times a day, respectively. Control group received only pure water. Animals' weights were measured every day. Following two weeks, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT] were determined. Data were analyzed using One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] followed by the Tukey multiple comparison tests. As compared to control, the administration of aqueous extract of Satureja Khuzestanica as 3 separate dose/day resulted in a significant prolongation of APTT by 20.7% [p<0.001], PT by 15.7% [p<0.05] and a reduction of body weight by% 9.24 [p<0.001] after 2 weeks. Regarding our data, it seems that the aqueous extract of Satureja Khuzestanica induced some changes in coagulation activity shown by increased values for APTT and PT. Loss of body weight in rats was also observed when the extract administered three times a day

[Preparation of neuraminidase specific antiserum from H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus]

In this research, affinity chromatography have been developed and standardized for production of Neuraminidase antigen of influenza virus for preparation of monospecific antiserum in rabbits. Avian influenza Virus stocks [A/chicken/Iran/259/1998/[H9N2]] were propagated in the allantoic cavities of 10-day old embryonated chicken eggs. The harvested suspension was concentrated by polyethylenglycol 6000. Concentrated samples were layered onto sucrose gradient [30-60%]. Both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were solubilized from purified viruses with Triton X-100, across 30% sucrose gradient. NA was isolated from HA and other viral proteins by affinity chromatography on N- [paminophenyl] oxamic acid. Fractions that had high NA-activity and did not show HA activity were pooled and analyzed by neuraminidase inhibition and SDS-PAGE. For preparation of antisera, rabbits were immunized by purified NA and Freund's adjuvant at three weeks interval, and sera collected 7 days after boosting. In SDS-PAGE no viral protein band detected except for single band in the position of NA. NA activity of purified protein was 3.8 x 104 NA units. Enzymatic activity of Neuraminidase purified by this procedure decrease sharply above 48°C. The purified neuraminidase was producing a significant antibody response in agar gel precipitation. No reaction was observed with neuraminidase specific antiserum and H9-HA of the same virus. According to virtual purity and enzymatic activity of purified neuraminidase and highest avidity and specificity of antiserum, it was speculated that optimized protocol can be directly applied to produce antigen and antiserum from all subtypes of virus and can be easily used in commercial diagnostic tests

[ effect of Satureja khuzestanica on triglyceride, glucose, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat]

Satureja khuzestanica is a native plant of Iran that is widely distributed in the southern part of the country. In traditional medicine, it is used as analgesic and antiseptic. The previous studies showed that Satureja khuzestanica caused weight loss. Then the present study was designed to find the effect of Satureja khuzestanica on food intake, glucose, lipid factors, protein and electrolytes. In three groups, 75, 150 and 250 mg/kg/day of extract of Satureja khuzestanica were orally administered for three weeks. In the fourth group essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica [1000 ppm] was administered in drinking water for three week. The control group received tap water. Animals were weighted and food intake was recorded. After three weeks, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood sugar [FBS], creatinine, potassium, BUN [Blood Urea Nitrogen], urea and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] were measured. Serum triglyceride level [43.15 +/- 3.92 mg/dl] in essential oil group was significantly [P<0.001] lower compared to that [89.99 +/- 8.03mg/dl] of the control group. FBS [117.86 +/- 8.5 mg/dl] of group 3 and essential oil group [97.22 +/- 7.1 mg/dl] were significantly [P<0.001] different from that [165.97 +/- 15.91 mg/dl] of the control group. Food intake in 3 weeks decreased in the group 3 [80.87 +/- 3.5 gr] and increased in the essential oil group [101.45 +/- 7.9 gr] when compared to that [88.91 +/- 3.9 gr, P<0.001] of the control group. Satureja khuzestanica induced a decrease in serum creatinine level in the extract and essential oil groups [P<0.001]. ALP in the essential oil group was significantly [P<0.001] decreased compared to the control group. No significant changes were observed for other factors. The aqueous extract and essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica induced a reduction in the serum glucose and triglyceride levels and improved renal function with lowering serum creatinine. They also improved the liver function via decreasing liver enzyme activity in rat

Development, validation and reliability of child abuse self report scale [CASRS] in Iranian students

Diagnosing and assessing child abuse is a critical and difficult process in clinical psychology, because this phenomenon has several negative behavioral and psychological consequences on victims. The aim of this research is to create a scale for assessing child abuse and neglect. Through a multiclustral sampling, 3042 secondary school students [boys and girls] were selected to fill [1] a list of 54 items [Child Abuse and Self Report Scale, CASRS] which assess four categories of child abuse and neglect, after approving through content validity and [2] Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children [TSCC-A] in order to assign construct validity and comorbid psychopathology. Then, we did a clinical interview with a sample group who were diagnosed as abused children according to CASRS and TSCC-A. In addition, these scales were completed by a group of abused children as criterion group, for assigning criterion validity. In order to assign the reliability of CASRS and TSCC-A, after 3 weeks test-retest was done. Through a factor analysis, the best items were assigned. The results showed that CASRS and TSCC-A have excellent reliability and validity. Also, its stability was at an appropriate level. In addition, factor analysis showed that 38 items were the best questions for assessing child abuse. We believe that CASRS is an instrument which measures child abuse during the current life. It is brief [6 to 8 minutes for the core scales] and practical for epidemiological researches on child abuse, maltreatment and clinical screening. Methodological issues inherent in child self-report measures of abuse are discussed