[Anti-viral effect of methanolic extract of Sea cucumber on HIV-1 virus]

Background and Objective: Sea cucumber [Holothuria leucospilota] is used for food purposes and traditional medicine in the South East and East Asia. This study was done to determine the antiviral effect of methanolic extract, of Holothuria leucospilota species against HIV-1 virus

Methods: In this laboratory study, sea cucumbers were collected from Larak Island, Persian Gulf, Iran at depths of 10-30 m. Methanol solvent was used for extraction process. Extract was concentrated by rotary evaporator at 40-45[degree sign]C, and subsequently was prepared in the form of dry powder using vacuum freeze dryer lyophilization

Results: The extract in 100 and 1000 micro g/ml of concentrations inhibited by 94% and 92.5% the replication of HIV-1, respectively. 10 micro g/ml of extract had not specific antiviral effect. Approximately the half of concentration of extract [35.89 micro g/ml] prevents 50% of proliferation of HIV-1, which was 50% toxic of on host cells [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Sea cucumber methanolic body wall extract of Holothuria leucospilota species had no antiviral effect against HIV-1 virus. It can be due to cytotoxic effect of extract on the host cells

Insensitivity to pain due to genetic mutation

Pain is neuroanatomically, psychologically and neurophysiologically complicated and its first function is protecting all alive creature body. This issue is so questionable and interesting that people who don't feel pain how face this sensation and what problems threaten them. So many researchers by using 73 references, articles from electronical and library references have done a clinical study about CIPA which is a rare disorder of neuropathic disorders. These patients have no sensation toward pain and paiful stimulations and no sweating. This disorder has been occurred by genetic mutation and has been under study from 1996 to 2012. Which un health - care tream can reduce their complications by early diagnosis and thereaputic and preventive interventions

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in Tabriz, northwest Iran

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibody to Neospora caninum in healthy and aborted dairy cattle in Tabriz, capital of East-Azarbaijan in northwest of Iran. In this cross-sectional study serum samples were collected from 266 healthy and aborted Holestein-Feriesisnc cows from September 2008 to August 2009. The sera were analyzed to detect of antibody against N. caninum using the commercially ELISA kit. Seroprevalence of antibody to N. caninum was 10.5% in Tabriz dairy cattle. Also the abortion rate in all cattle sampled was 33.6% but percentage of seropositive aborted cattle was 18.4%. Neosporosis could be one of the possible causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Tabriz and regarding the distribution in dogs as definitive host for the parasite, further studies in dog and cattle are recommended

Study on pattern of Neospora caninum tachyzoite proteins by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting in aborted cows

The intracellular parasite Neospora caninum is prevalent in several countries and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of abortion and stillbirth in cattle. For characterizeing the tachyzoite antigens of Neospora caninum in aborted cows, sera were obtained from 116 cows which were aborted in the third semester of the pregnancy period and had antibodies to Neospora caninum in ELISA. To obtain the protein content of Neospora, purified tachyzoites were lysed, electrophoretically separated and blotted to nitrocelloluse membrane for immunostaining. Minimum 9 and maximum 13 protein bands ranging from 10 to 90 kDa were observed after immunostaining. It seems that, in almost all of the cows, two protein bands with a molecular weight of 45 and 41 kDa, have a prominent reaction in Western blotting. According to our findings, these two protein bands are the most important antigens observed after Western blotting, in seropositive aborted cows

comparison of salivary IgA and IgE levels in children with breast- and formula- feeding during infancy period

Oral local immune factors may play a protective role against oral diseases and defend against microbial agents. Salivary immunoglobulin A [IgA] is a major factor for the local host defence against caries and periodontal disease. The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of salivary IgA and IgE levels in breast-fed and formula-fed children in infancy period. Totally, 80 healthy 5 years old children were included in the study. According to type of feeding in infancy period, the children divided into two groups: 50 breast-fed and 30 formula-fed. One milliliter of saliva was collected from each participant, centrifuged, and stored at -70 °C. The salivary IgA and IgE concentrations were measured, using ELISA technique. In breast-fed children, the salivary IgA level [39.6 mg/1 +/- 17.3] was significantly higher than that in formula-fed children [26.9 mg/1 +/- 14] [P=0.0001]. However, the salivary IgE level was significantly lower in breast-fed children, comparing with formula-fed ones [5.01 lU/ml +/- 19.70 vs. 11.74 lU/ml +/- 39.40] [P=0.047]. These results suggest that breast feeding enhances salivary IgA level in the early period of life which may contribute in oral cavity immunity. Higher salivary IgE level observed in formula-fed subjects may have a potential role in development of allergic or inflammatory reactions

[ survey on parasitic infestation [Helminths and Ectoparasites] of the rodents in Tabriz]

To determine the type and prevalence of parasitic infestation [Helminthes and Ectoparasites] of rodents in Tabriz. Cross-sectional study. One hundred and twenty rodents [56 Mus musculus, 38 Rattus norvegicus and 26 Cricetulus migratorius] were traped from different urban areas of Tabriz. Animals were euthanasied by high dose of anesthetic drugs and after identification of species, their ectoparasites were isolated. The rodents were then necropsied were isolated. The rodents were then necropsied and helminthes of digestive tract were collected. After fixation of the samples in 10% formalin, identification was performed based on parasitological characteristics. Descriptive study. About 78.3% of tested samples were infested by at least on parasite. In parasitological study two nematods: Mastophorus muris [21.28%], Syphacia obvelat [17.02%], two cestodes: Skerjabinotaenia oranensis [21.28%], Hymenolepis diminuta [24.47%], one metacestode: Cysticercus fasciolaris [7.45%], one acanthocephal: Moniliformis moniliformis [8.5%], two fleas: Nosopsyllus fasciatus [47.22%], Xenopsyella cheopis [16.66%], two ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus [13.88%], Haemaphysalis punctata [16.66%] and one mite: Ornithonysus bacoti [5.55%] were identified. For the first time we reported Mastophorus muris [in stomach], Skerjabinotaenia oranensis [in intestined], Rhipicephalus sanguineus [in skin] of rodents in Iran. Because of rodent's role in transmittion of zoonoses and developmental cycle of parasites as intermediate host, their eradication is crucial

[Survey on the clinicopathological changes in experimental infestation to Haemonchus contortus in sheep]

Objective: study on haematological and biochemical parameters and pathologic changes in experimental infestation to Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Design: experimental study

Animals: fourteen lambs, 5-6 months old [Two as egg donors, eight for experimental infestation and four as control]

Method: for experimental infestation, eight lambs [5-6 months old] that had no worm infestation were selected and 50000 of thirdstage larvae of Haemonchus contortus were fed to each of them. Four other lambs [control group] received placebo. In order to study the development and clinicopathologic changes, daily stool and blood samples were taken, weight was recorded, lambs were examined for clinical symptoms and slaughtered on days 12,21,35 and 60 post infestation [PI]. Abomasal pH was meseared and microscopic sections were prepared

Statistical analysis: results were analysed by ANOVA, Duncan and "t" test

Results: no clinical symptoms were found in the animals during this study however the body weight, monitored during 60 days PI indicate a difference between live weight in the treatments. Statistically significant differences were observed in haemoglobulin, concentration, haematocrit, white blood cells count, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, total protein, albumine, alpha globulins, and calcium between control and infested groups [P<0.05]. Both infested and control groups had no differences in serum phosphorous, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, beta globulins and gama globulins levels [P<0.05]. The comparison between infested and control sheep abomasal pH showed an increased pH in affected sheep. Abomasal necropsy findings were inflammation associated with mononuclear cells and eosinophilia. Lymphoblastic and follicular inflammation were seen in micrspcopic study

Conclusion: infestation to Haemonchus contortus were causes remarkable changes in haematological and biochemical parameters