RESUMO
The influence of leachate from open solid waste dumping near Salhad stream [Abbottabad, Pakistan] was investigated to quantify the variations of water quality during August 2007 to April 2008. Samples were collected from five different sites located along the Salhad stream. Two sites were located before the mixing of solid waste leachate with the surface water. One sampling site was of leachate and other two chemical parameters like pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity [EC], total dissolved solids [TDS], Biological oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD] and dissolved oxygen [DO]. Microbiological analysis was done by using Membrane filter technique. The results of various parameters determined strongly suggested that landfill leachate had severe deleterious impact on the water quality of Salhad stream. The parameters exceeding the allowable limits of WHO, EC and National Environmental Quality Standards included pH, TDS, BOD, COD, total bacterial counts and total coliform counts. Heavy metals like Pb, Cd and Cu were released from the leachate into the Salhad stream which might affect the sustainability of the aquatic life. Integrated, multi-sector approaches are required to deal with the contamination problem and sustainable management of the Salhad stream water
RESUMO
Objective The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the cases with urinary calculi, operated at the department of Urology, Sandeman Hospital, Quetta. Methods All patients with urinary calculus disease admitted to the Sandeman Hospital from January 1989 to December 1991 were included. Data was retrieved from the record sheets which included patient demography, site of stones, nature of operation and climatic condition. Results Of the 1008 cases, 82% were males and 18% females. There were 418 renal, 73 ureteric and 505 bladder calculi. The maximum number of renal stones were found in the 20 to 29 years age group whereas bladder stones were most prevalent in children below 9 years of age. The frequency of admissions was highest [33%] in the quarter June to August. Conclusion The hospital prevalence of urinary tract stones was 21 per 100,000 population in Quetta division which is comparative to other regions falling in the stone belt of the world