[ relationship between catastrophizing, pain-related anxiety and coping strategies in cancer patients]

Introduction: The pain caused by cancer affected by 50 to 90 percent of patients with cancer and anxiety caused by these diseases and cancer treatment increases the need for supporting patients, Therefore their coping strategies adopted by patients in adapt is important roles. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between pain catastrophizing, pain-related anxiety, social support and coping strategies of pain in patients with cancer

Methods: Type of cross - sectional study was correlational. A total of 110 cancer patients referred to 5[th] Azar Hospital [2013] were recruited Convenience sampling into the study. Questionnaire pain catastrophizing, pain anxiety, pain, social support and coping strategies were used. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS16 software and doing descriptive and inferential statistics, and considering levels of significance [P<0.05]

Results: The results showed that Mean and standard deviation of Pain Catastrophizing in patients [23.9 +/- 8.8], pain-related anxiety [35.7 +/- 18.4], coping strategies [107.9 +/- 38.8], social support [151.1 +/- 15.8]. The Pearson correlation test, showed is significant differences between pain catastrophizing [P=0.00, R=-0.46], pain-related anxiety [P=0/00, R=-0/47], coping strategies [P=0/00, R=0/46] with social support

Conclusions: The results showed that significant differences are between pain catastrophizing pain-related anxiety, coping strategies and social support patients with cancer. Therefore, developing a comprehensive care program for patients cancer with Strengthen coping strategies, Increase social support In order to reduce the level of anxiety and pain catastrophizing is recommended

[Associated malformations in newborns with imperforate anus in Gorgan, Iran [2006-10]]

Imperforate anus is a common anorectal malformation, which is associated with other anomalies. This study was done to determine the associated malformations in newborns with imperforate anus in northern Iran. This descriptive study was carried out on 40 hospitalized newborns [24 boys and 16 girls] with imperforate anus in Taleghani teaching hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2006-10. From 40 newborns with imperforate anus, 23 newborns [57.5%] had associated anomalies. The commonest associated anomalies was genitourinary [65.2%] followed by heart [47.8%], gastrointestinal [13%] and musculoskeletal anomalies [8.7%]. Associated anomalies in newborns with imperforate anus in northern Iran have a high prevalence in comparison with other reports

[Puberty and sex education to girls: experiences of gorganians' mothers]

Introduction: Puberty and sex education always is one of concerning issues in child training, as many of parents are not easy in discussing it with their children. Traditionally, mothers have the main responsibility of child health training are and care health decisions. The aim of this study was to explain the mothers' experiences with sex and puberty informal education for their own children

Materials and Methods: This qualitative study, conducted in 2012 over 24 mothers with 6-18 year old children. The sampling method was purposeful with maximum variation. To evaluate reliability and dependability, the credibility, transferability and conformability were used. The data was gathered by individual semi-structured interactive interviews, recorded, transcribed and was analyzed according to Morse' content analysis method

Findings: One of the analyzed data was [motherhood tasks and girls preparation for the puberty]. Sub-themes were [menstrual hygiene training], [respect for religious issues], [gender roles] and [hidden training of sex issues. The last category consists of two sub-themes. [In preparation for the role of gender] and [vulnerability of the opposite sex]

Conclusion: Formal adult education in the nation's health care system is essential. Despite the cultural changes puberty on Iran, the dominant secular culture of family and community, the puberty are discreet and quiet

[Correlation of spiritual intelligence with some of demographic and educational factors among the students of Golestan university of medical sciences]

Spiritual intelligence offer adaptation, internal and external integrity, environmental harmony and problem solving. The medical students are potential workforce of future in medical and caring areas; hence it is essential to assess the spiritual intelligence in this group of academics to improve the quality of clinical care. The aim of the study was to investigate correlation of spiritual intelligence with some of demographic and educational factors among the students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive correlational study was conducted in 2011 on 282 medical and paramedical students of the university who entered the study through simple random sampling. The data gathered by a demographic questionnaire and "Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire" that cover four main domains "general thoughts and beliefs", "ability of dealing with problems", "spiritual traits", "self- awareness and compassion". The validity of questionnaire was confirmed with criterion- related validity and the reliability of questionnaire was obtained with alpha Cronbach coefficient of 0.85. The data was analyzed with SPSS /16 using descriptive and analytical statistical tests. [P<0.05] The mean age of the participants was 20.17 +/- 1.70 year old and 76 percent of them were female. The average spiritual intelligence score from 5 likert score in four domains was 106.65 +/- 13.93 from 222. The mean and standard deviation of each four domain respectively; in "general thoughts and beliefs" was 2.13 +/- 0.56, in "ability of dealing with problems" was 2.90 +/- 0.62, in "spiritual traits" had value of 2.20 +/- 0.45 and finally in "self-awareness and compassion" standard deviation was 2.59 +/- 0.64. Although the average spiritual intelligence score in male students [2.58 +/- 0.36] was slightly higher than the one in female students [2.51 +/- 0.28], however this was not statistically significant. There was also no significant correlation between age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, major of study and grade point average with spiritual intelligence. The mean average of spiritual intelligence in "ability of dealing with problems" domain was higher than other domains. The study draws our attention to issue of spiritual intelligence, which is a fundamental concept in delivering comprehensive care

[Workplace behaviors and its correlation with demographic characteristics: perspective of nurses in teaching hospitals in Gorgan]

Incivility behavior and violence have long-term complication on individual performance. These behaviors cause complex issues at workplace in the nursing profession and lead to embarrassment and threats of nurses and patients health and endanger the climate. The aim of this study was to determine workplace behaviors and its correlation with demographic characteristics, perspective of nurses in teaching hospitals in Gorgan. In this descriptive - correlational study, 232 nurses who employed at two hospitals in Gorgan were participated. Data collected by "Nursing Incivility Scale", "[NIS]". Validity of this scale was approved with face validity and reliability through test-retest [Cronbach's alpha=0.86]. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and linear regression models with SPSS/16. The total score of incivility from the perspective of nurses was 3.89 of 5.00 likert. The most incivility behavior score was reported with physician interacting and the lowest was observed in the interaction of nurses with a supervisor. There was a significant correlation between age and type of employment with incivility behaviors [[P=0.04] and [P=0.02] respectively. Similarly, the correlation between working in type of hospital ward and incivility behaviors was significant [P=0.02]. The highest score of incivility behavior reported in the emergency ward was 4.43 from 5 and the lowest in genecology ward was 2.71 from 5. Incivility behaviors among nurses can affect the quality of services provided by them. Therefore, considering factors that lead to incivility in nursing workplace is necessary

[Studying the nursing students experiences of clinical errors and dealing with them]

Clinical errors are considered as serious treat for patient safety. Since the students are in training process, therefore the patients in teaching hospitals are faced with variety of medical errors. The aim of this study was to explore clinical errors of nursing students and dealing with them. In this qualitative study, purposeful sampling semi-structured interviews were performed with 30 male and female nursing students in 2010. The interviews were transcribed line by line and were analyzed according to Morse's content analysis approach. Clinical error was explained as "treat for patient's life or damage". The most common error was medical and procedural errors. "Hiding" from the others was the dominant dealing approach of the students with clinical errors. Disclosing errors of the students was faced with anger of nurses and physicians, patients, their relatives, the instructor, and feeling guilty of the students. "Not asking for help or guidance, lack of knowledge and skill, not enough supervision by senior nurse or instructor" were some of related factors for occurrence of clinical errors by the novice learners. The most frequent error occasion was when a trainee received an oral order. The live experiences of the students indicated that error events are inevitable in clinical areas and their dominant dealing approach is hiding error. It is very important that students learn and understand ethical and legal approaches of managing clinical error before they enter real practice. To minimize error occurrence, reporting programs may be considered a necessity

[Effect of heat and vibration on primary dysmenorrheal]

The painful menstruation is one of the common disorders of female sexual organ which is experienced by almost fifty percent of the women affected by regular menstrual periods. The primary dysmenorrhea is referred to as the menstrual pain in absence of undetectable pelvic disease which occurs usually during 2 years after first menstruation when ovulation is established. This study was done to investigate the effect of heat and vibration on primary dysmenorrhea. This clinical trial study carried out on 75 female students, aged 18-22 years old from Islamic Azad University. Each subject evaluated for two menstrual cycles. At first cycle the participants received the routine pain-relief method. During the second cycle each of them applied combined heat-vibration device for ten minutes during menstrual pain. Data collected using questionnaire and pain visual analog scale and analyzed using SPSS-14, t student and Wilcoxon tests. In contols, pain score was 5.34 and 4.09 prior and after routine intervertion, respectively [P<0.001]. Also, in cases pain score significantly reduced from 5.34 to 3.44 after intervention by heat and vibration. In 8% of cases a slight redness was observed. This study showed that heat and vibration is more effective than routine intervention in pain during menstrual cycles

Viewpoints of middle-school students of gorgan about respecting the children's rights by their parents

Nowadays, throughout the world particularly in developed countries, an important part of the material and spiritual resources devoted to children and their physical and psychological needs. Of course, in this regard, parents have a major responsibility to provide children with their basic rights. The aim of this study was to survey the middle-school students' viewpoints about respecting their rights by parents. In this cross-sectional study, 1016 male and female middle-school students of Gorgan city were included in 2008 using a randomised multistage cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire containing 31 specific questions obtained from the United Nations Child Rights Charter was individually filled out for each student. The data was then analyzed by descriptive and nonparametric statistical tests using the SPSS software. Our findings showed that 70.6% of students stated that their rights were completely respected by their parents. The relationships between student's gender [p=0.04], parents education [p=0.001], father's job [p=0.001], family income [p=0.001], and family size [p=0.001] with respecting children rights by parents were statistically significant. Although, many aspects are involved in promoting the physical and psychological well-being of children, the role of parents is of critical significance. Results showed that overall the satisfaction rate of children regarding respecting their rights by parents was reasonable

Women's experience of menopause

Background and Purpose: Women's perception of menopause depend on cultural norms, social factors and individual knowledge of meanopause. Because of amny problems women face in this stage, the present study was designed to explore and interpret Iranian women's experience of menopause

Methods and Materials: Fourteen menopause women, spending time for hobby in public parks, were interviewed for their clinical experience after having signed the informed consent for inclusion in the study. Open in-depth semi-structure interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed by Van Manen phenomenological method, and the study ended after data were saturated

Results: The most important clinical experience of women from menopause, which emerged from the study data, were the physiologic event and deprivation themes. Also, subthemes included natural process of creation, facing alertness, healing power of menses, youth and femininity, and a light perspective into the future, which helped describe and expand the main themes

Conclusion: Despite different attitudes toward menopause, women consider this phenomenon as natural; however, concerns and expectation of its complications can affect the quality of their life

[ ups and downs of sex life in menopausal stage: a qualitative study]

The meaning of menopause and women experience of this transitional stage are related to cultural norms, social factors and one's knowledge of menopause. Women's image of menopasuse affects self-care and follow-ups during this stage. Among them is consideration of sexuality which is often ignored. The aim of this study was to discover menopausal complications in Iranian women. 14 women in menopausal stage were interviewed about their clinical experience. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using Van Manen's phenomenology technique. Data analysis showed that one of the women's most important clinical experiences of menopause which they can deliberately express was the start of a new stage. Since, according to those women, changes in their life style were being made in comparison with earlier stages, one of the most important problems that escaped unobserved was sexual challenges which started at this stage. The findings this study reveal women's beliefs about their sex life. This can be used as a basis for education and offering guidelines in order to increase their quality of life

[Formal and Informal education: perspectives and experiences of nursing and midwifery faculty members]

The process of formal education lonely can not prepare medical sciences masters for work environment and responding to changes. They need informal and lifelong learning. The aim of this study was to explain the perspectives and experiences of nursing and midwifery masters about formal and informal education. In this qualitative study semi-structured interviews were done with 12 nursing and midwifery faculty members. The interview questions were related to the participants' perspectives and experiences from learning activities. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim, and then were analyzed based on content analysis method. Lifelong learning, self learning, the necessity of teaching profession, taking document were amongst the contexts which explained the masters learning experiences on formal and informal education. The data showed that having unprepared sensation for teaching after taking formal document especially at the beginning of employment was a motivator for learning. Learning essence, teaching, having new content to teach are as strong motivators for learning and taking part in educational workshop. The participants in this study mostly entitled "organization and time" as learning barriers. The necessity of being accountable to students, job promotion, professional obligations and familiarity with the science world new achievements lead to struggle by master for learning as formal or informal activities. Formal education is necessary as a base for future learning but not enough. Informal education as complementary to learning acts plays a basic role