[ relationship between individual characteristics and mental health with the amount of hypnotic susceptibility in women with multiple]

Introduction: Hypnosis is one of the psychological approaches that used in multiple sclerosis patients. The effect of hypnosis depends on individual hypnotic susceptibility. Hypnotic susceptibility is degree of response to the hypnotic suggestions and is a stable personal characteristic. The aim of present study was to determine correlation between personal characteristic and mental health with the degree of hypnotic susceptibility

Methods: This correlation study was carried out on 60 women with multiple sclerosis referring to the MS Society of Urmia. The data collection tools that used here include demographic questionnaire, General health questionnaire [GHQ] and Stanford hypnotic susceptibility scale [SHSS]

Results: In the investigation of the correlation between the variables and the hypnotic susceptibility of the samples, the Pearson correlation test result showed a statistical correlation between age and the degree of hypnotic susceptibility[r=-0.29, p value=0.023]. In investigation of the correlation between the level of education and hypnotic susceptibility, the independent t-test results showed no statistically significant correlation between the two variables [p value>0.05]. The results of ANOVA test also showed that there is no significant correlation between employment status of the samples and their hypnotic susceptibility [p value = 0.420]. In analysis of relation between mental health and the degree of hypnotic susceptibility, Pearson correlation test results showed weak correlation between two variables [r=0.089, p value=0.499]

Conclusion: In general it can be concluded that among the personal characteristics, the only significant correlation is between age and degree of hypnotic susceptibility of samples and hypnotic susceptibility is not influenced by other personal characteristics. It can also be concluded that hypnotherapy is a effective and safe treatment which could well be used in MS patients

Composition of the essential oils of thymus deanensis celak var. deanensis from different regions of Iran

Thymus deanensis is a known aromatic plant which grows widely in Iran and many mediterranean regions. In previous studies composition of essential oils of many species of Thymus genus reported which they were rich of phenols like Thymol and Carvacrol. Water distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Thymus deanensis var. deanensis from three different localities in Iran were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 20 compounds representing 87.8% of the region of Azerbaijan Mountains [A] oil were identified with thymol [70.8%], carvacrol [6.3%] as main constituents. 13 compounds representing 98.6% of Damavand, Mosha [B] oil were identified with thymol [53.6%], carvacrol [23.8%] and p-cymene [11.0%] and then thymol [72.1%] and p-cymene [5.3%] were the major constituents of the latter oil Chaharmahal Bakhtiari [C] among the 16 compounds characterized which represented 99.6% of the oil. The composition of three samples of Th. deanensis oils in our research was similar to the composition of other phenol-rich Iranian species. Although the content of thymol in Th. deanensis is higher than many reported cultivated Thymus vulgaris

correlation between third molar size axial angulation, developmental stage and its relative position with possibility of mandibular second molar impaction in prospective possible impaction for lower second molars

Simultaneous formation of third molar crown with second molar eruption may possibly cause to second molar impaction due to third molar bud intervention. A tooth impaction leads to numerous clinical problems for the patient and the present study assessed the effect of third molar size, axis angulation, developmental stage and its bud position with possibility of mandibular second molar impaction in patients with doubtful impaction of lower second molars. In this descriptive-analytical study, 5420 records of 10-12 years old patients underwent orthodontic treatments in Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Dental Schools and private clinics were assessed and 38 patients [26 females and 12 males] were selected with possible impaction of lower second molars forming case group. 38 control patients with no prospective possibility for impaction of second molars were selected from the same centers and matched with the cases. The third molar axis angulation towards second molar, first molar and mandible base, mesiodistal width of wisdom teeth relative to second molar, Nolla developmental stage and third molar bud position regarding second molars were calculated and analyzed by student t, chi-square and mann-whitney U tests in both groups. The mean value of third molar angulation towards second molar, first molar and mandibular base were 24.16, 49.26 and 54.42 degrees in case group and 14.42, 39.39 and 45.0 degrees in control group respectively with significant differences [P<0.001 in three variables]. The mean mesiodistal width of third molar relative to second molar was 0.9903 in case Group and 0.9695 in control Group with no significant differences. Nolla developmental stage and marginal ridge of third molar bud towards second molar showed no definite effect on second molar impaction. The results suggest third molar angulation towards second molar, first molar and mandibular jaw base to be significantly higher in patients with possible mandibular second molar impaction than those without prospective possibility for second molar impaction. Although, no significant differences in mesiodistal width of third molar relative to second molars, developmental stage and marginal ridge of third molar bud regarding second molar were observed between the two groups

[Chemical compositions and antiviral effects of the essential oil of zataria multiflora boiss. and origanum majorana L.]

Zataria multiflora Boiss. is considered as an annual plant endemic in south of Iran. Origanum majorana L. is one of the most famous medicinal and nutritional herbs growing in the temperate zones of south Europe. These two have been used as carminative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, bronchodilator and expectorant in traditional medicine of Iran and European countries. In the current study, chemical composition and antiviral effect of the essential oil of Z. multiflora and O. majorana are investigated. Composition of the essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Z. multiflora and O. majorana [Lamiaceae] were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Antiviral effect of the oils were investigated on Herpese simplex separately. Twenty-four components in the oil of Z. multiflora with thymol [38%], carvacrol [34.96%] and para-cymene [7.17%] as the major constituents were identified. Twenty-seven components in the oil of O. majorana were recognized, whereas terpinene-4-ol [36.2%], para-cymene [16.3%] and gamma-terpinene [7.31%] were the main components. The concentration of 1/10000 of each oil was added to Hela cells contained with HSV-I. The growth of the organism was not inhibited at this concentration of the oils. In this research 98.62% and 96.72% of the essential oil of Z. multiflora and O. majorana were determined. Both essential oils were characterized by a high amount of oxygenated compounds [85.33% and 60.3% respectively]. Where as the concentration more than 1/10000 of the oils were citotoxic for Hela cells, more study and different methods is needed to investigate antiviral effects of these two oils

[Feasibility of recycling mechanical properties of used NiTi orthodontic wires by electromechanical treatment]

The desirable mechanical properties of nickel-titanium alloy wires have prompted many clinicians to recycle these wires. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in mechanical properties of nickel-titanium alloy wires after recycling by electromechanical treatment. In this experimental study, round 0.018 inch nickel-titanium wires [American Orthodontics trademark] were used. For purpose of determining the behavior of samples in mouth, the transformation temperatures of alloy were carried by electrical resistance test. The types of nickel-titanium wires were separated into three groups: 1- as received condition [control wires], 2- treated by low electrical current, 3- treated by high electrical current. Mechanical properties changes were observed by tensile testing. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD [SPSS statistical package] was used for purpose of comparison. The results demonstrated significantly greater remained strains after recycling, but plateau stresses and elastic strain energies of the wires were decreased compared with the control wires. Super elastic property of electromechanical treated nickel-titanium wires is decreased following electromechanical treatments

[ effect of Nigella sativa extract on biochemical bone markers in osteopenic postmenopausal women]

The extract of the seeds of Nigella sativa [Ns] has been used therapeutically for centuries as a safe herbal medicine, and has been reported to have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetic osteopenia and bone healing in animal models. In the present study, we examined the effect of Ns seed oil extract on biochemical bone markers in osteopenic postmenopausal women. In a placebo controlled clinical trial, 30 osteopenic postmenopausal women, aged 49-72 years, were randomized to either 3-month Ns [oil] treatment [3cc, 0.05 cc/kg/day p.o.] or placebo groups. In all subjects, calcium-D supplements [1 tab per day] were administered during the 3 month study period. At baseline and after 3 months CBC diff, liver and kidney function tests, and serum levels of calcium and phosphate and plasma levels of bone markers [including CTX, Osteocalcin and Bone-ALP] were measured. Twenty-two participants completed the 3 month study period [9 in the Ns group and 13 in the placebo group]. Women in the placebo group had relatively higher BMI in comparison with those in the Ns group. Other characteristics and bone markers levels were similar between two groups at the baseline. Plasma levels of bone markers including CTX, Osteocalcin and Bone ALP did not differ significantly between the Ns and placebo groups at the end of the 3 months neither did changes in bone markers over the course of study show statistically significant differences between the two groups. Although Ns oil was safe, no reports of adverse reactions were observed in this study, we found no beneficial effect of Ns treatment on bone turnover markers. Based on our results, we do not recommend it for the prevention or treatment of bone loss. However this needs to be further investigated in the long-term clinical trials and with larger sample sizes

Synthesis and in-vitro antibacterial activity of/N-piperazinyl quinlone derivatives with 5-chloro-2-thienyl group

Fluoroquinolones are an important group of antimicrobial agents that are used widely in the treatment of various infectious diseases. The purpose of the present study was to synthesize new N-piperazinyl quinolone derivatives with 5-chloro-2-theinyl group having possible antimicrobial activity. Reaction of ciprofloxacin [1], norfloxacin [2] and enoxacin [3] with alpha-bromoketone 10 or alpha-bromooxime derivatives 11a-c in DMF, in the presence of NaHCO[3] at room temperature, afforded corresponding ketones 4a-c or oxime derivatives 5-7[a-c], respectively. The synthesized compounds were tested against a series of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of MIC tests against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria revealed that ciprofloxacin derivatives [compounds 4a, 5a, 6a and 7a] were more active than norfloxacin and enoxacin analogues. Compound 5a, containing N-[2-[5-chlorothiophen-2-yl]-2-hydroxyiminoethyl] residue provided a high in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC of 0.06, 0.125, 0.5 and 0.125 micro g/mL against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. feacalis and B. subtilis, respectively. Its activity was found to be 4 to 8 times better than reference drug [ciprofloxacin] against all Gram-positive bacteria with the exception of E. feacalis

[Prevalence of tongue tie in 12-14 year old students of Tehran, 2003]

Due to different complications of tongue tie, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of tongue tie in 12-14 year olds students of Tehran city in 2003. This descriptive study was done on 4900 students randomly selected and studied by questionnaire and clinical examinations. The examinations were done by dental mirror under daylight. The individuals who were unable to point the tongue tip or touch the palate with the tip of the tongue when the mouth was semi opened, were considered to be tongue tied. The data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0, descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Tongue tie prevalence was determined as 2.33% [114 cases]. 57[50%] of them were male and 57 ones [50%] were females. 67.6% of the patients showed crowding of upper anterior teeth, 30.7% crowding of lower anterior teeth, anterior and posterior crossbite was observed in 38.7% and 27% respectively, 6.3% and 17.1% presented anterior and posterior open bite, 17.1% with gingival recession in lower anterior teeth, 19.8% with diastema among lower central teeth. 41.4% had complaint from stiffness at shoulders, 20.7% from speaking disorders, 1.8% from breathing disorders and 28% of food impactions. 46.8%, 15.3% and 37.9% of them showed C1I, C1II and C1III respectively with no normal occlusion being found. The prevalence of tongue tie among Tehran students was higher compared to some studies. As different meanings are mentioned for tongue tie, this difference can be justified

[ effect ofpremolar extraction on lips' curvatures in borderline orthodontic patients]

Although orthodontists have long recognized that the extraction [Ext] of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext. on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips. Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-extraction [Non-Ext] protocol, 16 patients were treated with extractions of 5/5, 18 patients with 4/4 and 14 patients with 4/5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant [P < 0.001]. The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of tipper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various extraction sequences [5/5. 4/4. 4/5] for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes. The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusivc in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group 2] There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar extraction sequences

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of novel 2-amino-5-[4-chloro-2-[2-chlorophenoxy] phenyl] -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives

Several novel 2-amino-5-[4-chloro-2-[2-chlorophenoxy]phenyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives 4a-d were synthesized and their anticonvulsant activity was determined by evaluation of the ability of theses compounds to protect mice against convulsion induced by a lethal doses of pentylentetrazole [PTZ] and maximal electroshock [MES]. The result of anticonvulsant data shows that among the synthesized compounds, 5-[4-chloro-2-[2-chlorophenoxy]phenyl]-N-ethyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine 4c was the most active compound in both MES and PTZ tests with an ED[50] of 20.11 and 35.33 mg/kg, respectively

Phytochemical analysis of Ferulogo Bernardii Tomk and M. Pimen

From the hexane extract of the aerial parts of Ferulago Bernardii [Apiaceae] four coumarins, namely prantschimgin 1, oxypeucedanin 2, psoralen 3 and umbelliferone 4; beta-sitosterol 5; and nonacosane 6 were isolated by Column Chromatography [CC], Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography [PTLC] and crystallization. The structures were elucidated by melting point, UV, IR, MS, 1H and 13C-NMR spectra. The presence of compounds 1, 2, 3 and 5 in some others Ferulago species could be used as chemotaxonomic marker in genus Ferulago. This is the first report on phytochemical analysis of Ferulago Bernardii Tomk. and M. Pimen

[Comparing the painlessness effects of spinal [sufentanil] and epidural [bupivacaine plus lidocaine] analgesic methods in labour and delivery]

This study was designed in order to compare the effects of spinal and epidural analgesia on labour and also several maternal and fetal factors in vaginal delivery. The study was a randomized clinical trail and participatnts were 120 gravid 1 and gravid 2 women in the active phase of delivery, admitted to the labour room of Fatemieh Hospital in Hamedan in 1381-1382. Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30, analgesia was induced by single spinal sufentanil injection in one group and, bupivacaine plus lidocaine injection in the other group. Maternal vital signs and pain score were recorded [VAS] at 1, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after administration of analgesia and every 30 minutes thereafter. Fetal heart rate every 15 minutes, vaginal examination every hour, urinary output every 4 hours after delivery and the incidence of headache and back pain, one week after delivery were the variables under study. Both groups were matched regarding demographic, gravida and Parity factors. There was no significant difference between groups regarding pain score, [based on VAS],duration of the first and second delivery phase, the incidence of fetal distress, meconium excretion, apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after delivery, abnormal laboar, operative or assisted delivery. Average analgesic duration was longer in spinal analgesia than single epidural injection analgesia. Considering the difficulty of the technique, the need for anaestheticianHs supervision and injection repeatition in epidural analgesia, it seems that spinal analgesia is a suitable replacement which is more practical, less expensive, easy to perform and induces a desirable analgesia

Isolation and identification of Flavonoid constituents from of Achillea conferta DC

Achillea [Asteraceae] comprises 115 species, which are mainly distributed in Europe, Asia and North Africa and also is an introduced plant in the New World. Nineteen species of the genus were described in the Flora Iranica, of which Achillea conferta DC. is found in the central and western regions of Iran as well as Iraq. However, a survey of the literature revealed that only a few works deal with the composition of flavonoid constituents of A. conferta and there is no report on the Iranian one. Here we aim to describe the isolation and identification of flavonoid aglycons in Achillea conferta collected from Talegan mountain in Iran in order to compare with the flavonoid constituents of other samples of A. conferta. The top flowers of Achillea conferta DC. [Compositae] were collected from Taleghan area in spring 2000. The powdered plant was extracted by percolation method with methanol. This crud extract was washed with petroleum ether and chloroform. The resulted extract was concentrated in vacuum distillator and then subjected to paper chromatography [whatman NO: 1], using acetic acid 2%, 15% and BAW as solvents. The spots were detected under UV lamp at 366 nm. Three main flavonoid aglycons were identified as luteolin, chrysoeriol and quercetin by using UV spectra [shift reagents], H- NMR data and Mass spectra in comparison with those reported in references. In this species, highly methoxylated flavonoids could not be observed. Chrysoeriol is the only methoxylated flavon separated from methanol extract of Iranian Achillea conferta

Synthesis and evaluation of calcium channel antagonist activity of new 1, 4- dihydropyridines containing phenylamineimidazolyl substitute in guinea-pig ileal smooth muscle

Background: 1,4-dihydropyridines are a class of drugs which are used in the treatment of some cardiovascular disorders. The prototype, Nifedipine, does not have optimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Several new derivatives of 1, 4-dihydropyridine have been produced and pharmacologically evaluated in order to find drugs with better pharmacological properties. Among them, those with a substituted heteroaromatic ring in the C4 position of the 1, 4-dihydropyridine ring, instead of the phenyl ring in Nifedipine, are most considered. In this study, eight novel derivatives of this class with "2-methylthio-1-[phenylamino]imidazole-5-yl" in the C4, C3 and C5 positions were prepared and evaluated as calcium channel antagonist agents

Methods: to prepare these compounds, Hantzsch method for the synthesis of 1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives was deployed. An aldehyde was reacted with appropriate acetoacetate ester and ammonium acetate. This aldehyde was prepared in three steps. Cumulative doses were applied to determine the relaxing effect of the compounds on the longitudinal smooth muscle of male albino guinea pigs

Results: chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectroscopy. The IC50 of each compound was graphically determined from the concentration-response curves

Conclusions: two compounds were more active than Nifedipine. Both had lipophilic ester groups with low steric hindrance that met the merits of a better receptor binding of 1, 4-dihydropyridines. These derivatives have high potential for further study

Spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic methods for detection and assay of mustard gas

A colorimetric method for detection and assay of mustard gas in urine after addition of thymolphthalein is reported. The detection limit was 80 ng/ml of urine. Mustard gas could also be detected in urine after extraction with gas chromatography using FID detector. The detection limit was 10 ng/ml. In addition, thiodiglycol, a metabolite of mustard gas, could be converted to mustard with concentrated HC1 at 100°C and detected with gas chromatography