Is cholera outbreak related to climate factors? report of seven year study from 21th March 1998-to 21th March 2004 in Iran

Cholera is a main food and water borne diseases world wide. This study was conducted to in order to find out is there any relation between Cholera outbreak and climate factors. The number of cholera infection during seven years [1998-2004] compared with the same year climate data. In addition the epidemiology of infection was surveyed in order to find out the possible link. The results of this study indicated that with decreasing or increasing from minimum or maximum range of temperature the outbreaks is dropped down sharply. The humidity around 50% is also prepared the best condition for the outbreak too. Cholera outbreaks could be related with many climate factors. Some factors including moderate temperature [25°C] and humidity increase the risk of epidemic conditions. However the rainfall above 294 mm in the rain seasons and high temperature above 49.6 in hot seasons are the major factors which could be related to cholera epidemic

[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and Method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age

[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age

[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in imposed war [Iraq against I.R. of Iran] during 1980-1988]

Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by a parasite called Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is a main vector borne disease in the world and it can be transmitted to human by bite of sandflies. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis was a major infectious disease during imposed war among combatants who were exposed because of their activity in the endemic areas located in south west of Iran. Military troops are very susceptible to get the infection as a result of their activity in the endemic areas, therefore the Integrated Health measures are needed to prevent the problem. The aim of this descriptive study was to assess the situation of the disease during imposed war

Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in order to find out the situation of the disease by using available data from 1980 to 1988. The data was analyses using SPSS Version 11.5. In addition, the result was compared with other National Health Organizations

Results: Based on these research findings, it should be noted that cutaneaous leishmaniasis was very common among conbataouts in Kozestan, the province with the highestprevalence [35275 cases]; However, the west Azarbijan province in North west of Iran had low prevalence of infection [142 cases]; Nevertheless, the disease has never been reported in Ardebil [North west of Iran] and Ghom [in the central of Iran] during imposed war

Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that cutaneous Leishmaniasis was a major problem of combatant during imposed war, and its definitive control was ineffective and insufficient; therefore, The new control methods including Standard Leishmanization are needed to prevent the disease

[ effect of electromagnetic waves on growth and toxin production of clostridium difficile]

Introduction: Clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of several infections such as pseudomembranous colitis in human. These diseases are frequently associated with antibiotic useage but many infections with this organisms are seen without antibiotic administration. In addition it is believed that Clostridium difficile is one of the most important bacteria involved in acquired hospital infections. Therefore it is important to consider physical and chemical factors affecting growth and toxin production of Clostridium difficile for control purposes. The aim of this study was to determine different dosages of two kinds of electromagnetic waves: Short- wave and macro- wave on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production

Material and Methods: In this study, cultures of two strains of Clostndium difficile [one of them toxigenic and the other nontoxigenic] were exposed to different doses of short-wave and macro-wave radiation for different time periods. The cultures were then incubated for 4 days to study the effect of irradiation on growth and toxin production of the bacteria. The rate of bacterial growth was measured by colony count. Toxin production and toxicity assays were performed by cell culture and inoculation of rabbit ilealligated loops

Results: Macro-wave irradiation had no effect on bacterial growth but inhibited toxin production and induced sporolation of organisms after 10 hours of incubation. The effect of 30 - 60 minute short- wave irradiation was increased toxin production and bacterial growth. Furthermore short- wave irradation of the nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain changed it into a toxigenic form

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that macro- wave irradiation inhibited toxin production but induced sporolation of the organism, while short-wave irradiation increased toxigenic potency of the toxigenic strain and inducedtoxin production by the nontoxigenic strain