[Effects of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na on sulfur mustard induced conjunctival epithelial and goblet cells injuries of rabbits in acute phase]

Sulfur mustard, Bis [2-chlorethy1] sulfide [HD], is one of the first chemical warfare agents to be used on a large scale. Anti inflammatory treatments might have the potential to prevent some aspects of the primary development of HD-induced lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment effects of topically applied betamethasone [B] and diclofenac-Na [D] on the conjunctival epithelial lesions following HD exposure. A total of 36 rabbits were used. Animals were randomly divided to three control groups: [1] normal; [2] solution; [3] HD and three experimental groups: [4] betamethasone; [5] diclofenac-Na and [6] betamethasone-diclofenac-Na [BD]. In each group six animals were examined. Right eye of all animals was selected for experiment. In the experimental groups betamethasone and diclofenac-Na were applied after using HD solution. Application of drugs was performed 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Slit-lamp examinations were performed before exposure and subsequently at days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 by professional ophthalmologists. Animals were sacrificed after two weeks with chloroform. The eyes were enucleated. Specimens of palpebra were obtained for histological examination. There was not any significant difference between normal and solution groups. HD caused a significant decrease in goblet cells and cell infiltration in conjunctiva, injection and chemosis. All experimental groups were better than the HD group. Betamethasone in combination with diclofenac-Na was more effective than betamethasone and diclofenac-Na alone in decreasing eye injuries. Combination of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na are potential candidates for the treatment of ocular lesions following HD exposure

[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and Method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age

[Scrutinizing the status of solid waste collection and exclusion in the military units climbing mount Sabalan [North West of Iran]]

Background: The collection and exclusion of waste has always been a problem for mankind. In natural environments and mountainous plays as for their popularity in mountain climbing, tourist visits and people camping there, it is of much interest to people and therefor the collection and exclusion of rubbish in the mentioned places must be of more concern. As there was little studies conducted in this field, there was a need for practical and scientific studies about rubbish in mountainous locations

Material and method: there is 485 grams of rubbish percapita including 18.6% food cans, 9.3% recycled food plates, 53.6% cardboards and it's sorts and 2% decaying substances. Also according to the analysis of the questionaire, the average of being a member in "Basij" [Volum teer helping] was 13.47%, having, mountain climbing experperience was 5.87% and age was 33.93%. The carried out survey shows that the speed and status of rubbish contamination in this camp is undesirable

Result: from all of the question were completed, 94% of them emphasize the importance of rubbish exclusion and named training mountain climbers, using small and high energy foods, and necessitating the climbers to collect the rubbish and exclude them in a certain place as the solutions to minimizing rubbish in mountainous places and military aggregations

Conclusion: Also the rate of the people's familiarity with rubbish collection and exclusion methods had direct relation ship with their membership time in Basij, mountain climbing experience and their age