[Comparison of circuit training based on wrestling techniques with wrestling traditional training regarding the effectiveness on purine metabolism]

Introduction: Purine metabolism involves synthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides. Studies show that intensity of exercise affects the organ systems and their energy sorces and also can impact on precursor sorces for adenosine triphosphate [ATP] biosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to compare two different type of wrestling exercises regarding metabolic efficiency and effectiveness of the purine nucleotide cycle indicator

Materials and Methods: Twenty one subjects division were divided according to weight, into two groups of circuit training, based on wrestling techniques [n=10] and wrestling traditional training [n=11]. After performing functional tests, blood sampling was done before and after of training. The subjects performed circuit method and traditional wrestling exercise four weeks, using six wrestling techniques

Results: Results showed that circuit training based on these wrestling techniques after four weeks showed no significant differences between the two groups in levels of Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase [HGPRT] [P=0.44], Hypoxanthine [HX] [P=0.54] and plasma uric acid [UA] [P=0.51]. Intra-group comparison however revealed that the circular wrestling training and traditional wrestling exercises caused significantly reduced Hypoxanthine values in circuit training [P=0.03] and traditional training [P=0.008], and also showed significant increases in aerobic and mean anaerobic power

Conclusion: Comparison of these two methods of exercise training showed that these methods did not differ and had similar effect on indicators of purine nucleotide cycle. Furthermore the results of this study confirm those of previous studies that sprint training and exercises that use anaerobic energy systems, effectively change purine metabolism and subsequently affected metabolite production

[ influence of circuit resistance training intensity on ghrelin to obestatin ratio of plasma in healthy young women]

Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. The purpose of this study was to clarify the possible mechanisms of resistance training in energy homeostasis and weight control. Twenty-seven female college students, age 22 +/- 1.54 yr, and body mass index 20.76 +/- 1.86 kg/m2 [mean +/- SE] were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance training protocol with 40% and 80% 1 RM for 4 weeks. Circulating levels of total ghrelin, obestatin, ghrelin to obestatin ratio and glucose were measured before and after 4 weeks intervention for all subjects. One-way ANOVA revealed a higher and significant [P<0.05] post- training change in circulating levels of ghrelin to obestatin ratio as well as plasma obestatin concentrations significantly decreased [P<0.05] in the 80% IRM group. It seems that resistance training-induced energy deficit in the 80% IRM group resulted that ghrelin precursor goes to the production of ghrelin. Thus, obestatin secretion is reduced and ghrelin to obestatin ratio is increased to stimulate food intake behavior, compensating for lost energy sources and eventually restoring the body's energy balance

[Obestatin and the regulation of energy balance in physical activity]

Obestatin, a peptide which is encoded by the same preproghrelin gene as Ghrelin, conveys information concerning the nutritional status and/or the energy stores to the central nervous system. In obese populations, circulating levels of the peptide are altered. Ghrelin, mostly acting through the GH secretagogue receptor GHS-R, is a potent GH secretagogue, an orexigenic peptide and a long-term regulator of energy homeostasis. Obestatin was described for its anorexigenic effects and it's binding to GPR39. However recent studies do not support the role of obestatin/GPR39 system in the regulation of energy balance. Because exercise training improves the health status of obese individuals and is associated with reduction of body weight, there is growing interest in the effects of exercise on obestatin and whether this peptide may provide better understanding of how exercise improves health. Obestatin levels do not increase in response to acute exercise, and therefore obestatin does not appear to regulate growth hormone [GH] release during exercise. There is some evidence that obestatin levels do not change in plasma following resistance exercise with higher GH concentrations during exercise and decreases in tissues following chronic exercise but not in plasma. This review is focuses on obestatin, by first summarizing it function and it relationship with hormonal and metabolic changes that affect energy balance, and then discussing the effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasma and tissues obestatin concentrations, and the potential mechanisms involved

[Effects of circuit resistance training on plasma ghrelin levels in young women]

Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide secreted from stomach mucosa, affects feeding behavior and plays an important role in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Ample evidence indicates that resistance exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of resistance training [4 weeks] on resting levels of plasma ghrelin, glucose, insulin and estrogen. Twenty-seven female college students, aged 221 +/- 1.54 years, height 162.66 +/- 5.05 cm, BMI 20.76 +/- 1.86 kg/m[2] and fat percent 20.95 +/- 2.08% [means +/- SE] were randomized into two, the experimental [40% and 80% 1RM] and the control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance exercise protocol with 40% and 80% 1RM, 4 d/wk for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training program. One-way ANOVA revealed that although no significant differences were observed in circulating levels of plasma total ghrelin [P=0.88], glucose [P=0.1] and insulin [P=0.66] in the experimental group when compared to the control group, a significant negative correlation [R=-0.4, P=0.05] was found between plasma estrogen and total ghrelin levels. It seems that because of a non significant increase in plasma ghrelin levels in the present study, there was no weight change of subjects during the training program and the short duration of the training program. However, the total ghrelin sub-fractions, acylated and non acylated, may have changed

[Effect of 8 weeks endurance training with two different durations on plasma HDL-ghrelin in male rats]

Ghrelin, produced and secreted mainly from the stomach, is a potent stimulator of growth hormone, appetite, and plays a role in energy balance control. There is increased risk of metabolic syndrome with increased LDL-C and TC levels and decreased HDL-C, with lower ghrelin concentrations. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different 8-week endurance training regimens on HDL-Ghrelin. Thirty Wistar male rats, 6-8 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 10 rats, including two training groups with either 30 or 90 min of exercise, and a control group. Experimental groups were trained for 8 weeks, 5 days per week at 20m/min for 30 or 90 min. Rats were sacrificed 72 h after the last training session and plasma samples were collected for determining HDL-Ghrelin, HDL-C, HDL-2, HDL3, TG and TC. Analysis was performed using ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test, SPSS 16, at the alpha level of 0.05. Ghrelin concentration paralleled HDL-Ghrelin changes. There was no difference in HDLGhrelin between groups. Despite reduction of TC in the training groups, no significant relationship was observed between HDL-Ghrelin and HDL2, HDL3, TG and TC. This study showed that isolated HDL contained Ghrelin. In addition, the 8 weeks endurance training of different durations had no correlation with HDL-Ghrelin and lipid profiles. Further studies to confirm these findings are warranted

Effect of 8 weeks endurance training with two different durations on plasma HDL and ghrelin in male rats

Nesfatin-1, a novel anorexigenic protein derived from the Nucleobindin-2 [NUCB2] gene, is expressed in adipose tissue and is found in plasma. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an eight-week endurance training regimen on nesfatin gene expression and its concentration in the male rat liver. Eleven adult Wistar male rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into the training [TS, n=6] and control [CS, n=5] groups. Training groups were given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill [0% grade, 60 min, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks, 50-55%VO2max]. Samples of liver were excised and stored in liquid nitrogen to extract nesfatin-1 mRNA, and to determine its concentration and that of glycogen by RT-PCR, ELISA and colorimetric assay respectively. Although liver nesfatin mRNA expression and its concentration were increased, changes were not significant. Also liver glycogen concentration was significantly higher in trained rats compared to controls. The results of this research showed for the first time that nesfatin-1 is first expressed in the liver as a peripheral tissue and it then changes with endurance training. The insignificant variations of nesfatin-1 in the liver might be attributed to its role in energy balance. It seems that relative improvement in the liver's energy status is influenced by nesfatin gene expression, whereas as an indicator of source ATP, was lower in trained group compared to control group

effect of a single session aerobic exercise on plasma ghrelin, GH, insulin and cortisol in non-athlete university male students

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from the endocrine cells of stomach, affects appetite, energy consumption, weight, and body composition. Although the effects of endurance exercise on weight loss have been demonstrated, results on the impact of this exercise on ghrelin levels are controversial, and are from studies performed in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of serum ghrelin, growth hormone, and cortisol after a single session of aerobic exercise in young non-athlete male students. Sixteen non-athlete male students, randomly selected, performed a single session of aerobic exercise, including 3 consecutive- one mile running sessions with 3 minutes rest period at the end of each mile. The participants in this study had a mean age 22.1 +/- 2A years, weight 72.8 +/- 5.7 kg, height 177.915.7 cm, and body mass index 23.2 +/- 1.7. To determine levels of these hormones, plasma ghrelin, GH, insulin, and cortisol, blood samples were taken, using the ELISA method. The results of paired-samples t-test showed that the levels of growth hormone and ghrelin increased significantly in the plasma, whereas insulin and cortisol levels decreased [P<0.05]. These data suggest that a single session of aerobic exercise can decrease energy reservoirs and increase ghrelin secretion in response to energy deficit to supply and balance the sources of energy loss. Therefore it is clear that activity duration is an important parameter in the increase in ghrelin levels in response to exercise

Effects of treadmill exercise on fundus ghrelin expression and plasma acylated ghrelin level in male rats

The gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, in its acylated form induces a positive energy balance, increase in food intake and adiposity. This study aimed at determining the effects of treadmill exercise training on fundus Ghrelin mRNA expression, fundus, and plasma acylated Ghrelin concentration in rats. Thirty-six adult Wistar male rats [12-14 weeks old, 200-220g] were randomly divided into the experimental 1 [EX1] [n=16] and experimental 2 [EX2, n=20] groups with further division into control [n=8 and 10] and training [n=8 and 10] groups. Training groups were given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill [28 m/min, 0% grade, 60 min, 5 days/week for 8 weeks]. Rats in EX1 were further divided into four groups; fed-control [FEC], fed-trained [FET], fast-control [FAT] and fast-trained [FAT]. Twenty-four hours after last training session, the fundus was excised and frozen in liquid nitrogen for extraction of ghrelin mRNA. Fundus and plasma acylated ghrelin, growth hormone [GH], insulin, cortisol, lipids, and glucose were also measured. Ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly [P=0.002] higher in fasted rats and lower in trained-rats, in whom a non significant increase was observed in resting plasma acylated Ghrelin, GH, insulin, liver glycogen and lower free fatty acids concentrations and muscle glycogen. Plasma cortisol, triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC] was remained unchanged. Interestingly, fundus acylated ghrelin was significantly [P=0.031] lower in trained rats. The data obtained showed that treadmill exercise reduced ghrelin expression and its acylated levels in the fundus of trained rats and a higher plasma acylated ghrelin could be released from other source [s]

effect of treadmill running on plasma and muscle agouti-related protein [AGRP] concentration in male rats

Appetite regulation is one of the most important issues in exercise physiology. AGRP is one of the most important neuropeptide in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill running on plasma and muscle [Soleus] concentration of AGRP in male Wistar rats. Forty rats were randomly assigned into two groups. The training group was given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 28 m/min [equal to 75% vo2max] for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. After finishing the exercise protocol, each group was divided into 2 subgroups, the fasting and the fed [n=10] groups. Each subgroup was anesthetized and sacrificed after an overnight fast and the other, after 3 hours of food deprivation. The results showed muscle and plasma AGRP were significantly [P < 0.001] higher in the trained rats in comparison to the control rats. Also there was a significant and positive correlation between Soleus AGRP and plasma AGRP. It can be speculated that negative energy balance as well as local hyperphagia in muscle, induced by exercise produces satiety, signals the hypothalamus, which therefore increases release of AGRP facilitating energy recovery. This mechanism may be involved in glycogen supercompensation as well

[Intense alpine skiing exercise on anti oxidant status of male skiers]

The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant status in elite alpine ski racers during six weeks intensive training. 5 years] who underwent 6 weeks +/- Subjects included 12 male alpine ski racers [20 of intensive training. For red blood cells glutathione content, plasma uric acid and total anti oxidant determination, blood samples were collected before and 1.4 mg/dL, +/- just after training. Plasma Uric acid concentration [6.5 1.7 mg/dL] and total antioxidant capacity after six weeks intensive training +/- 8.3 0.3 mM]. Red blood +/- 0.2 mM, 2.7 +/- showed statistically significant increases [2.1 0.7 and +/- cell glutathione content also increased after period of training [5.4 0.9 nmol/mg Hb]. Intensive alpine ski training after six weeks 6.1 can increase total antioxidant capacity of plasma probably by increasing through uric acid and RBC glutathione content