Treatment effects of Ginger rhizome and extract of carrot seed on diabetic nephropathy in rat

Antioxidants have essential effect on tissue regeneration after cells injury. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Ginger rhizome and carrot seed are strong antioxidants and long-term treatment of Streptozotocin induced-diabetic animals with these herbs, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress. Evaluation to treatment effect of Ginger rhizome and extract of carrot seed on nephropathy after diabetes inducement. Methods: Wistar male rat [n=70] were allocated into seven groups, control group, carrot seed extract group, ginger group, control- Diabetic group received 55mg/kg [IP] streptozotocin [STZ], treatment diabetic group that received carrot seed extract, treatment diabetic group that received ginger and treatment diabetic group that received carrot seed extract plus ginger. Animals were kept in standard condition. In 30 day after inducing diabetes, 5ml blood were collected for analyzing of TAC and MDA levels, and kidney tissues of Rats were removed in all groups then prepared for analysis. Pathological changes in diabetic group which received carrot seed and ginger together was decreased compared to control group. The rate of serum TAC significantly increased in diabetic groups which received carrot seed and ginger together significantly in comparison to control-diabetic group [p<0.05]. Since in our study 25 mg/kg carrot seed extract and 100 mg/kg ginger have prevented kidney tissue injury by reducing level of Reactive Oxygen Species [ROS] in serum, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment nephropathy in Diabetic rats

[Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum effects on uterus apoptosis in rats exposures in electromagnetic fields]

In the industrial world, almost everyone is unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic field [EMF] generated from various technical and household appliances. Controversy exists about the effects of EMF on various tissues of the living bodies. Uterus play an important role in reproductive and the effects of EMF on its tissue is worthy of investigation. In order to examine this, 40 rat were selected and kept for one weeks in quarantine and 20 rats subdivided to two groups were exposed to 50 Hz [non-ionizing radiation] for 6 weeks, one of this exposed group received 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum, other experimental group just received 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum, The materials were processed and observed apoptosis under a light microscope. In the experimental rats apoptotic cells showed significantly increased in emf groups, but in exposed group that received Ocimum basilicum, apoptotic cells were decreased [p<0.05]. As exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes then lead to sub fertility and infertility, Since in our study 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum have significantly Preventive effect on uterus cells damages by reducing number of Apoptotic cells, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment in emf exposed Rat

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Lead is one of the world wide using metals which have been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, it has adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a broad range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have been showed that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as: nervous system, blood tissues, and cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. Survey the effect of Lead acetate on hepatic tissues in light and Electron microscope. White male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental groups [N =10] 6.5 mg/Kg of lead acetate were injected intra peritoneal and control group [N=10] were injected only with demonized water every day to each animal for 7 weeks. After taking biopsy from hepatic tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Quantitave and qualitative [morphometeric and morphologic] studies were carried out on electro micrographs. Data was compared using statistically methods. Morphological and morphometerical findings showed the vacuolated of mitochondria of hepatocyte, degeneration of rough endoplasmic reticulum, heterochromatin of nuclei and reduce in lobular diameter in experimental group as compare with control group [P

[Ultra structure study of lead acetate cytotoxic effects on heart tissue in rabbit]

Lead is one of the world wide using metals that have been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, known to have adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a bread range of physiological, biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have shown that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as nervous system, blood tissues, cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. In this experimental study white male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental group [N=10] 6.5 mg/kg of lead acetate were injected intra peritoneal every other day to each animal for 7 weeks as chronic dose and control group [N=10] were injected only with demonized water. After taking biopsy from left ventricular heart tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Morphologic study was carried out on electron micrographs. Data have been compared with statistical methods. Electron microscopic study revealed the nuclei of left ventricular muscles were heterochromatin appearance and abnormality and vacuolization in mitochondria in experimental group when compared with control group. Morphological findings in experimental group showed that histological tissue changes have been more significant to control group [p<0.05]. These results suggest that lead acetate had severing effects on heart tissue during chronic dose.

Evaluation effects of quercetin on liver apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Quercetin is a strong antioxidant and long-term treatment of STZdiabetic animals and it has been shown to reduce oxidative stress. Antioxidants have essential effect on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Wistar male rat [n=40] were allocated into three groups, control group [n=10] and Quercetin [QR] group that received 15mg/kg [IP] QR, [n=10], and Diabetic group that received 55mg/kg [IP] streptozotocin [STZ] [n=20] which was subdivided to two groups of 10; STZ group and treatment group. Treatment group received 55mg/kg [IP] STZ plus15mg/kg QR, daily for,4 weeks, respectively; however, the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily[IP]. Diabetes was induced by a single [IP] injection of streptozotocin [55mg/kg]. Animals were kept in standard condition. In 28day after inducing diabetic 5cc blood were collected for TAC,MDA and Ox-LDL levels and Liver tissues of Rat in whole groups were removed then prepared for Apoptosis analysis by Tunel method. Apoptotic cells significantly decreased in group that has received 15mg/kg [IP] Quercetin [P < 0.05] in comparison to experimental groups [P < 0.05]. Since in our study 15mg/kg [IP] Quercetin have significantly Preventive effect on liver cells damages by reducing number of Apoptotic cells in liver, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment in Diabetic Rat

[Ultra-structure study of lead acetate cytotoxic effects on testis in rabbit]

Lead is one the world wide using metals it has been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, known to have adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a bread range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have been showed that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as: nervous system, blood tissues, and cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. Because it damage human, animal and plants. Nowadays has been attended on this metal. White male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental groups [N=10] 6.5 Mg/Kg of lead acetate were injected intraperitoneally every other day to each animal for 7 weeks as chronic dose and control group [N=10] were injected only with demonized water. After taking biopsy from testis tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Morphologic study was carried out on electron micrographs. Data have been compared using statistically methods. Morphological findings showed that testis tissue in experimental group that chronic dose has been sever changed histologically compared with control group. Seminifar tubules diameter showed significant decrease [p<0.05]. Primary Spermatocyte nucleus showed heterochromatin and mitochondria showed vacuelaution. These results [based on present study findings] revealed that lead acetate could have vivid effects on testis tissue during chronic dose

Evaluation of aminoglycosides [gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin] and fluoroquinolones [ofloxacin] antibiotics on spermatogenesis in rat

Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin and ofloxacin are synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the family of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolones antibiotics with a very broad spectrum against microbial pathogens, especially Gram-negative and urinary tract infectious diseases which nowadays have good effect in diseases treatment in more countries world-wide. The aim of this study was to see the effects of this drugs inducement, in Spermatogenesis cycle in rat. The fifty male wistar rat were selected and randomly divided into five groups; control [n=10] and test [n=40]. The test groups was received 5mg/kg [IP] Gentamicin, 50mg/kg [IP] Neomycin, 40mg/kg [IP] Streptomycin, and 72mg/kg [PO] ofloxacin daily for fourteenth day; however the control group just received vehicle [IP]. In fourteenth day the testis tissue of Rat in whole groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis then prepared for analysis. Light microsopic Obervation Showed that sperm cell count and viability as compared with compared with control group decreased significantly [p<0.001]. When compared with control group, percentage of sperm motility decreased significantly in all experimental except ofloxacin group [p>0.05]. Since in our study ofioxacin had only effect on sperm population and viability and hadn't any effect on sperm motility percentage, so it seems that using this antibiotic is safest more than others on sperm health parmeters

[Effects of electromagnetic fields on seminal vesicle in rat]

In industrial world, almost everyone is unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic fields [EMF] generated from various technical and household appliances. One of the critical issues is the possibility of adverse effect of EMF on male reproductive system including the testes and accessory glands. To examine weather the EMF can adversely affect the seminal vesicle tissue. This was an experimental study in which two groups [case and control] of 15 members were investigated. The members of case group were exposed to 50 Hz non-ionizing radiation during the postnatal life for 2 months. The control group was kept in a similar situation but without exposure to EMF. Microscopic observations demonstrated that the smooth muscle fibers in capsule of tubulosecular glands were spread out in different layers and directions. Their nuclei showed signs of heterochromatinism. The number of heterochromatinized epithelial cells per microscopic field was 1.127 +/- 0.46 for the case group while it was 0.60 +/- 0.74 for the control group [p<0.01]. Epithelial secretary cells also showed cell damages. Our findings suggest that EMF exposure may cause profound changes on seminal vesicle. Therefore, exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes leading to subfertility and infertility

first year medical students' perception of and satisfaction from problem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in gross anatomy: introducing problem-based anatomy into a traditional curriculum in Iran

Problem-based learning [PBL] is still a controversial teaching method. A study of the effectiveness of PBL compared to traditional teaching in gross anatomy courses of first year medical students was evaluated by comparing the examination performances and student's responses to the questionnaires. It was hypothesised that the PBL method would result in improved scores and satisfaction for students. A total of 89 first year medical students at Tabriz Medical University, Iran were taught gross anatomy with traditional teaching for one half of a semester and PBL for the other one half. Examination scores from both methods and an assessment of completed questionnaires were evaluated by the present study. The PBL method resulted in better examination scores than did traditional teaching for the same students. Students were more satisfied with PBL and believed that this method increased their problem solving abilities. Our study found that PBL was more successful than traditional teaching of gross anatomy

Electromagnetic field effects on rat's cerebellar ultrastructure

It is known that prolonged exposure to low intensity electromagnetic field [EMF] is hazardous for biological systems. However, the effect of EMF on human being is controversial. Several epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown that EMF has a harmful effect on central nervous system of animals. Previous research works in our laboratory, using light microscopes have shown that EMF could produce morphological changes in Cerebellum. The aim of the present study is to investigate ultrastructural changes of Cerebellum in EMF-exposed rats. 30 wistar rats were exposed to 3 mT EMF for 4 hours/day in a period of 4 months. After the experimental period rats in control and experimental groups were killed and tissue samples from their Cerebella were prepared for electron microscopic studies. Statistical analysis was performed by means of SPSS software and t-test. p<0.05 was regarded significant. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that the number and size of Purkinje cells in EMF-exposed rats were decreased significantly [p<0.01]. Other changes included: condensation of nuclei, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, vacuolization of cytoplasm, breakdown and disappearance of crista in mitochondria in the Purkinje cells of Cerebellum. These findings indicated that long-term exposure to EMF had detrimental effects at cellular level on central nervous system of the rats