Role of urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of congenital upper urinary tract obstruction

Congenital obstructive uropathy constitutes a significant cause of morbidity in children. Currently, there is no reference standard for the diagnosis of renal obstruction in children. The con-invasive measurement of biomarkers in voided urine has considerable appeal as a potential application in children with congenital obstructive nephropathy. The aim of the present review is to explore the current role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and follow-up of obstructive uropathy in children. The literature data [PubMed] was scarched from inception to May 2007, regarding the role of urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with congenital obstructive uropathy. The review included 23 experimental and 33 prospective controlled clinical studies. Several cytokines, peptides, enzymes and microproteins were indentified as major contributors to, or as biomarkers ensuing from obstruction-induced renal fibrosis and apoptosis. The most important biomarkers were transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF- beta1], epidermal growth factor [EGF], endothelin-1 [ET-1], urinary tubular enzymes [N-acetyI- beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG], gamma-glutamyI transferase [GGT] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]], and microproteins [beta2-microglobulin [beta2M], microalbumin [M.AIb] and micrototal protein [M.TP]. All biomarkers showed different degrees of success but the most promising markers were TGF- betaI, ET-I and a panel of tubular enzymes. These biomarkers showed a sensitivity of 74.3% to 100%, a specifity of 80% to 90% and an overall accuracy of 81.5% to 94% in the diagnosis of congenital obstructive uropathy in children. Moreover, come of the markers were valuable in differentiation between dilated non-obstructed kidneys qualifying for conservative management and obstructed kidneys requiring surgical correction. Some studies demonstrated that urinaty biomarkers are helfpul in evaluating the success of treatment in children with congenital renal obstruction. Some limitations of the previous studies include lack of controls and small sample size. Larger controlled studies are necessary to confirm the clinical usefulness of biomarkers in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with congenital obstructive uropathy. Urinary biomarkers are a promising tool that could be used as a non-invasive assessment of congenital renal obstruction in children

Relation between serum immunoglobulin, development of symptoms and bacterial content of urine of pregnant women

The possible protective role of serum immunoglobulins [IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE] against urinary tract infection and the development of its symptoms in pregnant women was investigated. The serum content of different immunoglobulins was estimated and its possible relation to the bacterial content of urine of pregnant women was explored. It was found that the lowest amount of serum IgE was associated with significant bacteriuria while its highest amount was detected in cases with heavy growth of protective urinary tract flora. On the other hand no relation has been observed between the levels of the looked for serum immunoglobulins and the appearance of urinary tract symptoms. The probability of the protective role of serum IgE against urinary tract infection in pregnant women was raised. The obtained results were discussed in the light of recent literature

Electron microscopy of urinary bladder carcinoma. A histocytological study

Urinary bladder carcinoma in Schistosoma cases presented a pllomorphic character; it shared many properties with transitional and squamous cell carcinomata though it had certain specific features. Electronumicrographs of exfoliated tumour cells in urine sediment showed clearly the criteria of malignancy. A cytopathological correlation was markedly noticed. As the medical library is still deficient in an easy and reliable mean for early detection of carcinoma in bilharzial urinary bladder a method was suggested for the use of electromicroscopy in urinary cytology for diagnosis of malignancy