Causes and presentation of traumatic brain injury [TBI] in Khartoum- Sudan

To study the causes and pattern of presentation of traumatic brain injury [TBI]. This is a prospective hospital based study. It includes 459 patients who presented to the National Center of Neurological Sciences [NCNS] in Shaab Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, with TBI in a period of six months. Some questionnaires prepared beforehand were filled for all patients. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS computer program. The chi-square [Chi [2]] test and the RHO value were used for statistical significance. TBI was found to affect different age groups from one day to ninety years with a mean age of 27.53 +/- 16.92 years mainly young adults. Male to female ratio was 4:1; most of them were either of working or studying groups. The most common causes of TBI are Road Traffic Accidents 179 [39.0%], followed by assaults 143 [31.2%] and falls 71 [15.5%]. The presenting symptoms were mainly loss of consciousness 410 [89.3%], scalp and face lacerations in 223 [48.6%] and headache in 160 [34.9%]. TBI affects the productive population. It is caused mainly following motor vehicle accidents and presented mainly by variable degree and duration of disturbance of consciousness

Antibacterial activity of different Egyptian honeys in relation to some bee products

The antibacterial activities of different types of honey in relation to some bee products were investigated against 5 species of pathogenic bacteria belonging to Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The honey types were Citrus, Cotton Sesame and Clover. The bee products were royal jelly and bee venom. The bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus faecalis, Corynebacteria pseudotuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli The influence of the storage was studied in case of clover honey from season of 1965 and 1995. Honey was used in different concentration. The results revealed that the different Egyptian honey, royal jelly and bee venom were effective antibacterial against different pathogenic bacteria. It was clear that the different types of honey as well royal jelly and bee venom were less effective against E. coli than other bacteria