Quantitative analysis of iron supplementation and some of its factors affecting infants [6-24 months age] at Rafsanjan health center in the year 2001

Iron deficiency and anemia are among the most problems encountered the general hygiene system in the world because infants under 2 years of age are at risk of having iron deficiency. Therefore it is necessary to supplement the infant with iron as an important prophylactic method for anemia. The supplementation of infant with iron is routinely done in health centers of iran. Although, iron drop supplement is available for children, some mothers don't provide this necessary nutritional element for their infants. This study was conducted to evaluate the iron supplemental dose, and compliance of mothers in giving iron drop to their infants. In addition, we looked for possible demographic characters of mothers and their reasons that prevent their infants from accessing the iron drop. This descriptive study was performed on 1200 infants [6-24 months who were referred to health care centers of Rafsanjan city in 2001. Systematic randomized sampling method was used for the study. A questionnaire containing demographic characters of mothers and infants, daily intake of iron drop, as well as lack of iron drop intake along with mother's reasons such as blackening of teeth, black stool, lack of Iron drop, unfavorable taste, mothers forgetfullness, lack of need for iron in infants, and lack of recommendation by physicians. The data were gathered and analyzed by using SPSS 12 soft ware, T and X[2] tests. -Among 1200 infants investigated 61% were taking the iron drop daily [95% Cl, 58-64]. The most common reason for not taking the supplement daily was blackening of teeth 25.1% [95% CI, 21-29] and the least frequent one was black stool 1.5% [95% CI, 0-3]. The relationship between avoding daily intake of iron drop and infant age, growth level, level of mother's education, mother's job and here age were significant but it was not significant for sex. Considering the importance of infant daily intake of the iron drop and lack of logical reasons of mothers to give the supplement to their infants, a meticulous and intensive public campaign is needed to augment awareness of the mother to provide the iron for their infant either as a supplement or in the infant's food. Nevertheless, infants who don't have enogh of this necessary element in their diet should be examined for iron deficiency and subsequent treatment

[Child abuse prevalence among addicts referred to the Rafsanjan addiction withdrawal center in 2005]

Child abuse and neglect of children referred to the physical, psychological, emotional or sexual abuse, these circumstances result in detrimental impacts on health, welfare and education of children. Based on these considerations, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of child abuse among addicts referred to the Rafsanjan Addiction Withdrawal Center in 2005. In this cross sectional study, 648 addicts randomly selected. A questionnaire was completed for each particpant and the data were then analysed using X[2] test. The findings of this study showed that 81.9% of the participants were child abusers and 87.8% of them were 41-60 years old. The percentages of child abuse found in the participants with a history of parenteral drug-abuse, addiction in their families, divorce, physical harassment, and neglect during their childhood were 93.3%, 89%, 95%, 90.9% and 87.9% respectively. Slapping [17.86%] and deprivation of talking and attention [16.44%] were the most common type of physical child abuse and neglect. In 20.82% cases, the child abuse occurred at the withdrawal period of addiction. The most frequent feelings after child abuse for the child abusers were regret and sadness [36.87% and 35.25% respectively]. This study showed that there is a direct relationship between child abuse and addiction to opiates. Also there are other factors related to child abuse including level of education, economic situation, a history of addiction and divorce in the family of child abuse victims. Therefore, the necessity of an organized care system for children and addicted parents and regulating of supportive rules are obvious and of superme value

[Evaluation of fragile X syndrome in patients with moderate mental retardation in Rafsanjan city]

Fragile X syndrome [FXS] is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. Patients are identified with different levels of mental disabilities, elongated ears, prominent foreheads and chins, enlarged testes, large skull and obesity. This syndrom is generally associated with a break on X chromosome [Xq27.3], which can be observed in cultured chromosomes in specific culture media at metaphase stage. Prevalence rates of FXS in different ethnic groups have been estimated to be about one per 1500 in males and one per 2500 in females. The aim of this study was to determine FXS prevalence in moderate mental retarded students of Zohreh Shamsaei school in Rafsangan city. Fifty two students with moderate mental retardation [IQ=55-75] who were clinically suspicious to have FXS were screened for fragile X chromosome by using cytogenetic methods. Blood samples were collected and cultured in specific culture media. G-Banding method was used for karyotyping. Patients consisted of 37 males [71.2%] and 15 females [28.8%] with mean age of 12.7 years [ranged 7-17 years] and mean IQ 65.3 [ranged 55-74]. 8.1% of male students and 6.6% of female students were found to have fragile X site at Xq27.3 [in total 7.7%]. The frequencies of fragile X-positive cells in males and females were 8-52% and 12-27%, respectively. The frequency of fragile X positive cases found in this study is equal to that is reported by other investigators who studied the frequency of fragile X syndrome in preselected patients

[ necessity of vein catheter use during normal labour]

Although the necessity of NPO condition during normal labour is a controversial subject among obstetricians and anesthesiologists, the most valid midwifery references emphasize on necessity of vein catheter use in all cases during normal labour. Now a days, most hospitals routinely use vein catheter even in cases with no indication and this may lead to decrease of motility and comfort of parturient, increase in cost and probability of blood transmitted pathogens. According to the policy of the ministry of health on decreasing venous injection, this study carried out to assess the real necessity of vein catheter and describing various drugs during labour. This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out in Niknafs hospital of Rafsanjan. 380 pregnant women hospitalized for normal delivery and actually delivered normally were selected. Proper questinaires were filled in labour unit and the data analyzed using SPSS software. The mean age, gravidity and parity were 25.9, 2.3 and 1.1 respectively. In average, the patients had 5.1cm cervix dilatation when they were admitted and after that they stayed in labour unit until delivery which took an average time of 3 hours and 34.3 minuites. The mean time between admission and start of vein catheter use was just 33.3 minuits. The mean volume of infused fluid during labour via vein catheter was 365 ml. According to valid midwifery texts, there was no indication for vein catheter use in 87.3% of subjects. Only 21.7% of the subjects did not get syntocinon via vein catheter whereas 36% with physician order and 42.3% without physician order received syntocinon. Except for that, only 6.7% of the patients got other drugs. The type of fluid in 76.3% of the cases was ringer lactate solution. In average they received 115.72 ml fluid per hour. Regarding the small average amount of received fluid [mostely ringer lactate solution], it can be concluded that vein catheter does not have that much effect on preventing hypoglycemia and dehydration, it is not useful very much for prescribing other drugs and it provides a ready way for useless and wide syntocinon use that can lead to various side effects like neonatal hyper bilirobinemia. Therefor, it is essential to restrict the use of vein catheter to cases with real indication and appropriate time