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Background & objectives: BK virus (BKV) is a polyomavirus and cause of a common infection after renal transplantation which could be preceded to BKV-associated nephropathy. It has four main subtypes (I–IV). BKV subtypes II and III are rare, whereas subtype I shows a ubiquitous distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevailing BKV subtypes and subgroups in renal transplant patients in Sri Lanka. Methods: The presence of BKV in urine was tested through virus load quantification by real-time PCR from 227 renal transplant patients who were suspected to have BKV infection. Of these patients only 41 were found to be BKV infected (>103copies/ml) and those were subjected to conventional PCR amplification of VP1 gene followed by BKV genotyping via phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequencing data. Results: Persistent BK viral loads varied from 1×103 to 3×108 copies/ml. Of the 41 patient samples, 25 gave positive results for PCR amplification of subtyping region of VP1 gene of BKV. BKV genotyping resulted in detecting subtype I in 18 (72%) and subtype II in seven (28%) patients. BKV subgroups of Ia, Ib-1 and Ib-11, and Ic were identified with frequencies of 6/18 (33.3%), 6/18 (33.3%), 5/18 (27.8%), and 1/18 (5.6%), respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: Findings from this preliminary study showed a high occurrence of subtype I, while the presence of subtype II, which is rare and less prevalent, was a novel finding for this Asian region. This emphasizes the need for further molecular and serological studies to determine the prevalence of different BKV subtypes in Sri Lanka
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Background: Neurodegeneration of retina (retinal diabetic neuropathy) is the earlier sign of diabetes mellitus before the appearance of any vascular sign of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, through neurodegenerative changes, we can diagnose and monitor the early neuronal damage of the retina. Objectives: The objective of the study were to establish whether the retinal neurodegeneration is earlier than vasculopathic changes in patients with diabetes and their relationship with the duration of diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 diabetic patients and 164 healthy controls were collected from a rural-based tertiary care hospital in West Bengal for this cross-sectional study. All have gone through proper history taking, comprehensive ocular examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging to detect the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Results: Our study showed that the RNFL thickness of the right and left eyes for the cases was 37.62 μm and 37.68 μm, respectively, and that for controls were 39.68 μm and 39.70 μm, respectively. The GCL thickness of the right and left eyes was 32.63 μm and 32.43 μm, respectively, in cases and that for controls were 33.73 μm and 33.87 μm, respectively. In respect of the duration of diabetes, mean RNFL thickness of the right and left eyes for <1 year, 1–2 years, and >2 years was 40.20 μm and 40.03 μm; 38.17 μm and 38.31 μm; and 35.48 μm and 35.69 μm, respectively. Mean GCL thickness of the right and left eyes for <1 year, 1–2 years, and >2 years was 34.25 μm and 33.72 μm; 31.98 μm and 31.44 μm; and 30.82 μm and 31.35 μm, respectively. The data were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Conclusion: This study showed that thinning of RNFL and GCL occurred in diabetes before the appearance of microaneurysm.
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Large areas in the Pantanal wetland are covered by monodominant formations, e.g. typical landscapes with local names such as “paratudal”, dominated by T. aurea. Studies on structure of these formations generally include only woody strata, consequently the species richness registered is usually low due to the absence of the ‘ground layer’ of herbaceous and others low species. We recorded 13 species, 12 genera and 11 families for the arboreal stratum. Considering arboreal flora without the dominant (T. aurea) individuals showed great establishment in relation to the flood level between 35 – 45 cm while the individuals of the dominant species of 30 – 45 cm. The diameter distribution revealed that the population of T. aurea did not show the reverse J curve, the usual pattern for species in constant regeneration, also evidenced in inconstant Licourt quotient, indicating an episodic recruitment that could lead to future changes in structure. In the herbaceous strata we recorded 78 species, included in 62 genera and 27 families. Using plots method we sampled 46 species, 40 genera and 22 families, while in line interception we found 65 species distributed in 57 genera and 26 families. The floristic similarity of Sørensen between both methods was 59.4%, with 33 species in common, and the method of line interception was more efficient in detecting richness, with 35% more species found in the same time. According to the methods of plots and line interception applied on the woody stratum, our results gave similar detailed information on the structure of this type of savanna, and in spite of being monodominant it shows high species richness when the herbaceous stratum is taken into account. Plots and line interception methods showed similar results for the woody stratum and high species richness of the herbaceous stratum.
Amplas áreas no Pantanal são cobertas por formações monodominantes, tipicamente com nomes locais como “paratudal” dominado por Tabebuia aurea. Estudos na estrutura dessas formações geralmente incluem somente estrato arbóreo, consequentemente, a riqueza de espécies detectada geralmente é baixa devido à ausência do “estrato terrestre” das herbáceas e outras poucas espécies. Nós registramos 13 espécies, 12 gêneros e 11 famílias para o estrato arbóreo. Considerando a flora arbórea sem a espécie dominante (T. aurea) apresentaram um ótimo de estabelecimento em relação ao nível de inundação entre 35 – 45cm, enquanto os indíviduos da espécie dominante de 30 – 45cm. A distribuição diamétrica revelou que a população de T. aurea não apresentou o J reverso, o modelo usual para espécies em constante regeneração, também evidenciado pela não constante no quoeficiente de Licourt. Indicando episódio de recrutamento que poderia levar a futuras mudanças na estrutura. Para o estrato herbáceo geral registramos 78 espécies, incluindo 68 gêneros e 27 famílias. Usando o método de parcelas amostramos 46 espécies, 40 gêneros e 22 famílias, enquanto na interseção na linha nós encontramos 65 espécies distribuídas em 57 gêneros e 26 famílias. A similaridade florísitca de Sørensen entre ambos métodos foi de 59,4%, com 33 espécies em comum, e o método de interseção na linha foi mais eficiente na detecção da riqueza, 35% das espécies foram encontradas no mesmo tempo. De acordo com os métodos de parcelas e interseção na linha aplicado no estrato arbóreo, os nossos resultados deram uma semelhante informação detalhada na estrutura deste tipo de savana, e que apesar de ser monodominante mostrou alta riqueza de espécies quando o estrato herbáceo é levado em conta. Os métodos de parcelas e interseção na linha mostraram resultados similares para o estrato arbóreo e alta riqueza de espécies do estrato herbáceo.