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Objective: This review aims to illuminate the unprecedented growth and versatile therapeutic landscape of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products, highlighting their significant impact on diverse medical fields such as oncology, septicemia treatment, infection management, and substance abuse disorder interventions. This review outlines the challenges associated with the development, manufacturing, and regulatory approval of monoclonal antibodies, emphasizing the need for diligent attention to overcome these complexities. The review comprehensively examines the historical evolution and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies, emphasizing their potent and versatile characteristics that have enabled successful interventions in challenging regulatory approvals. It delves into the critical considerations in manufacturing, regulatory navigation, and the strategic integration of expedited approval pathways, providing a holistic understanding of the intricate terrain of innovation, clinical translation, and impactful patient care in the realm of monoclonal antibody products. Monoclonal antibodies have significantly advanced medical treatment in various domains, revolutionizing cancer therapy, offering new avenues for septicemia management, augmenting the arsenal against infections, and opening novel pathways for addressing substance abuse disorders. Their development and regulatory approval are associated with challenges of scientific innovation, manufacturing, and regulatory compliance. Despite the challenges, monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated remarkable potential in addressing complex medical conditions. The review serves as a compass, guiding researchers, clinicians, and regulatory authorities through the intricate terrain of monoclonal antibody innovation and clinical translation. It emphasizes the need for diligent attention to overcome the complexities associated with their development and regulatory approval while highlighting their significant impact on advancing patient care.
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Anther culture is an important in vitro culture technique for the production of double haploids. It is largely speciesand genotype specific. Asian-cultivated rice (Oryza sativa, ssp. indica) is recalcitrant to anther culture which limits itspractical application in rice breeding. Several researchers tried to optimize the medium recipes and culture techniquesfor callus induction and plantlet regeneration. Negligible response to callus induction and recovery of a higherfrequency of albino plants are the major hindrance for the use of the technique in crop improvement. Shortening theculture period and sexual hybridization of rice subgroups (japonica/indica) may be adopted to improve green plantregeneration from anther-derived callus in indica rice. However, genetic transformation technology using individualgenes related to different aspects of anther culture could be a more direct approach. Besides, the role of genotypes,physiological status of donor plant, developmental stage of pollen, pre-treatment, culture media, phytohormones, andculture conditions for successful anther culture have been discussed.