Bond strength of composite resin containing biomaterial S-PRG to eroded dentin

To evaluate the bond strength of composite resin containing or not biomaterial (S-PRG) to sound/eroded dentine. Methods: Occlusal dentin of 30 human molars (n=15) had half of its surface kept uneroded, while on the other half an erosive lesion was produced by cycling in citric acid (pH 2.3) and supersaturated solution (pH 7.0). On both eroded (ED) and non-eroded (SD) substrates, two restorative systems (containing or not S-PRG) were tested. Composite resin cylinders were built and, after storage in water (24h), were submitted to bond strength test. The analysis of the fracture pattern was performed under an optical microscope (40x). The obtained values of bond strength (MPa) were submitted to ANOVA (two factors) and Tukey multiple comparisons tests (p<0.05). Results: According to the results, there was difference between substrates (<0.001) and restorative materials (p=0.002) evaluated. For the microtensile bond strength, the values obtained were: SDNB (47.6±12.2 MPa), SDWB (34.1±15.8 MPa), EDNB (31.1±8.3 MPa) and EDWB (15.5±13.6 MPa), revealing a statistically significant difference in the evaluated substrates and restorative materials. Conclusion: Bond strength of eroded substrate is inferior to the sound substrate and the restorative system containing S-PRG biomaterial influences negatively the results of bonding to sound/eroded dentin (AU)

Efeito do peróxido de hidrogênio na permeabilidade dental / Effects of hydrogen peroxide on dental permeability

Resumo Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de quatro agentes clareadores na permeabilidade dental. Material e Métodos: Dentes bovinos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10). A permeabilidade inicial dos dentes foi determinada previamente ao clareamento, utilizando equipamento de permeabilidade. Em seguida, foram aplicados os géis clareadores e a permeabilidade novamente mensurada. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem de aumento da permeabilidade e os dados submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA e teste Tukey). Resultados: O Whiteness HP Maxx resultou em maior aumento de permeabilidade (145,7±76,3), quando comparado com Whiteness HP Blue (57,5±36,1) e Pola Office Plus (72,7±19,5). Esses produtos não apresentaram diferença estatística com relação ao Opalescence Boost PF (101,4±46,3). Conclusão: Todos os agentes clareadores testados aumentaram a permeabilidade. A intensidade desse aumento foi dependente do produto utilizado.

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of four bleaching agents on the dental permeability. Material and Methods: Bovine teeth were divided into four groups (n=10), and the initial dental permeability was measured before the bleaching treatments, using a dental hydraulic permeability device. Afterwards, teeth were bleached with whitening products, and the final permeability was recorded. The results were expressed in percentage of increasing permeability (%) and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: Whiteness HP Maxx produced higher dental permeability (145.7±76.3) than Whiteness HP Blue (57.5±36.1) and Pola Office Plus (72.7±19.5), which did not differ from Opalescence Boost PF (101.4±46.3). Conclusion: All bleaching agents increased the dental permeability. The increasing intensity was product-dependent.

Indirect Restoration Thickness and Time after Light-Activation Effects on Degree of Conversion of Resin Cement

This study evaluated the effects of indirect restorative materials, curing conditions and time on the degree of conversion (DC) of a dual-cured resin cement using infrared spectroscopy. The resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE) was applied to the diamond surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit and activated using one of following conditions: self-cure, direct light exposure, light exposure through indirect restorative materials (resin nano-ceramic: Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE or feldspathic ceramic: Vita Blocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik). Four thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 mm) of each indirect material were analyzed, and the light-activation was performed using a blue LED light. Data (n=5) were analyzed by three-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc and Dunnett's tests (α=5%). No significant differences in DC were observed between indirect materials of similar thickness. All groups exhibited higher DC after 10 min than after 5 min. At both times points, the self-cure group exhibited significantly lower DC than all the light exposure groups. Only when the overlying indirect restoration had a thickness of 2 mm did DC decrease significantly. The presence of a thick, indirect restoration can decrease the DC of resin cement. DC after 10 min was higher than after 5 min. The self-cure mode yielded lower DC than the light-activating one.

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do tipo de material restaurador indireto, da condição de ativação e do tempo no grau de conversão de um cimento resinoso de dupla ativação, utilizando espectroscopia de luz infravermelha. O cemento resinoso (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE) foi aplicado à superfície do diamante da unidade de reflectância atenuada e ativado segundo as seguintes condições: ativação química, exposição direta da luz e aplicação da luz através de dois materiais protéticos: resina nano-cerâmica (Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE) ou cerâmica feldspática (Vita Blocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik). Quatro espessuras de cada um desses materiais (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mm) foram analisadas e a ativação realizada com luz LED. Os dados (n=5) foram analisados pela ANOVA três fatores, testes de Tukey e Dunnett (5%). Nenhuma diferença do grau de conversão foi observada entre os materiais. Todos os grupos mostraram maior grau de conversão após 10 min que após 5 min. Em ambos os tempos, o grupo ativado quimicamente teve menor grau de conversão que todos os grupos fotoativados. O grau de conversão foi reduzido somente quando foi utilizada a peça protética de 2 mm. Espessas peças protéticas podem reduzir o grau de conversão do cemento resinoso. A grau de conversão após 10 min é maior que após 5 min da cimentação. A ativação química produz menor grau de conversão que a fotoativação.

Self-Etch Adhesive Systems: A Literature Review

This paper presents the state of the art of self-etch adhesive systems. Four topics are shown in this review and included: the historic of this category of bonding agents, bonding mechanism, characteristics/properties and the formation of acid-base resistant zone at enamel/dentin-adhesive interfaces. Also, advantages regarding etch-and-rinse systems and classifications of self-etch adhesive systems according to the number of steps and acidity are addressed. Finally, issues like the potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Self-etch adhesive systems are promising materials because they are easy to use, bond chemically to tooth structure and maintain the dentin hydroxyapatite, which is important for the durability of the bonding.

Este artigo apresenta o estado da arte de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes. Quatro temas são apresentados nesta revisão: o histórico desta categoria de agentes de união, o mecanismo de adesão, as características/propriedades, e a formação da zona ácido-base resistente nas interfaces esmalte/dentina-adesivo. Além disso, as vantagens relativas aos sistemas de condicionamento total ( etch-and-rinse ) e as classificações dos sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de acordo com o número de passos e acidez são abordados. Por fim, são discutidas questões como a durabilidade potencial e a importância clínica. Sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes são materiais promissores porque são fáceis de usar, unem-se quimicamente à estrutura do dente e preservam a hidroxiapatita dentinária, o que é importante para a durabilidade da ligação.

Bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to dry and moist dentin

This study evaluated the effects of humidity conditions and evaluation times on the dentin bond strength (DBS) of two self-adhesive resin cements (RC). The RC used were: RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) and Clearfil SA Cement (Kuraray Med.). One hundred and twenty coronal portions of bovine incisors (n = 10) were used. Buccal surfaces were abraded in order to expose a flat dentinal surface (180-grit SiC) and to standardize the smear layer formation (600-grit SiC). The humidity conditions tested were: dry (air-dried for 10 s), slightly moist (water application with disposable applicator on dried dentin and water excess removed with absorbent paper), and moist (same application without water removal). The RC were used according to the manufacturers' recommendations and were applied to prepolymerized resin discs (2 mm thick; Sinfony, 3M ESPE), which were subsequently bonded to the dentin surfaces. After 24 h, half of the teeth were prepared for the microtensile bond strength test, while the other half were stored in water for 6 months and tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) until failure. A 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were performed (preset alpha of 0.05). No RC showed any reduction of DBS after 6 months, and no significant difference was observed between them. The moist dentin increased the bond strength of Clearfil SA Cement for both periods of time. Humidity conditions can change the DBS; however, the study's results were product-dependent.

Avaliação da microdureza do esmalte dental bovino após técnicas de clareamento caseiro, de consultório e a associação das técnicas com agentes de baixa e alta concentração de peróxidos / Microhardness evaluation of bovine enamel after take-home, in-office tooth whitening techniques, and the association techniques using low and high concentration of peroxides

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos das técnicas de clareamento caseiro com peróxido de carbamida a 16% (PC), de consultório com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35 ou 37,5% (PH) ou da associação das técnicas de clareamento com PH e PC na microdureza de superfície do esmalte de dentes bovinos. Superfícies vestibulares de 70 incisivos foram preparadas para leitura de microdureza de superfície inicial e divididas em 6 grupos experimentais e um controle sem clareamento (n = 10). Os PC foram aplicados por 8 horas/dia (durante 14 dias) e os PH foram utilizados em 3 sessões com intervalo de 4 dias entre cada sessão, com 3 aplicações do produto por sessão (12 minutos para cada aplicação). Nos grupos com associação dos peróxidos, os protocolos de clareamento foram: 1 sessão de PH + 14 dias PC a 16%. Após o término dos tratamentos, as amostras foram submetidas a uma nova leitura da microdureza de superfície. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à ANOVA 2 fatores e teste de Tukey (5%). O tratamento clareador com PC 16% Whitegold Home e a associação com o PH Whitegold Office (PH 35%) resultaram na redução da microdureza do esmalte. O uso dos produtos Pola Night (PC 16%), Pola Office (37,5%) e a associação desses não alteraram a microdureza do esmalte. A redução da microdureza do esmalte pelo uso de agentes clareadores, assim como pela associação dos peróxidos de baixa e alta concentração, foi material dependente.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of take-home bleaching using 16% carbamide peroxide (CP), in-office tooth whitening using 35 or 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or the association take-home and inoffice bleaching techniques on superficial microhardness of bovine enamel. The buccal surfaces of 70 bovine incisors were prepared for initial microhardness measurements and divided in 6 experimental and 1 unbleached control group (n = 10). The CPs were applied for 8 hours/daily during 14 days. The HPs were used in three appointments with 4-day intervals among sessions and this process was repeated 3 times (12 minutes each application). For the groups with the association of techniques, the bleaching protocol was: one session with HP plus 14 days of takehome bleaching. At the end of bleaching, the samples were submitted to the final hardness measurements. The data were analyzed by 2 ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). The take-home bleaching with 16% CP (Whitegold Home) and its association with Whitegold Office (HP 35%) reduced the enamel microhardness. The use of Pola Night (16% PC), Pola Office (37.5% HP) and their association did not alter the microhardness values. The reduction in enamel microhardness promoted by bleaching agents, as well as the association of techniques was product-dependent.