Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Grown in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

SUMMARY: This study evaluated the phytochemical screening, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro anticancer activities of four plants namely, Gypsophila capillaris, Anabasis lachnantha, Haloxylon salicornicum, and Horwoodia dicksoniae which belong to four different families: Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, respectively. The total phenolics, anthocyanins, saponins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH assays were determined by spectrophotometer. In vitro anticancer activity was assessed using two human cancer cell lines; hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) to estimate the inhibition concentration 50 % (IC50). The results showed that H. dicksoniae has the highest concentrations of phenolics and saponins, while H. salicornicum has the highest DPPH. The highest concentration of TAC was found in G. capillaries. Among the tested extracts, G. capillaries and H. salicornicum have the potential activity against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines in vitro. The content of polyphenols in G. capillaries was profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest concentration among the phenolic compounds was chlorogenic (60.8 µg/ml) while the highest concentration among the flavonoid compounds was hesperidin (1444.92 µg/ml). In summary, G. capillaries and H. salicornicum extracts have potent anticancer activity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines.

Este estudio evaluó la detección fitoquímica, la capacidad antioxidante y las actividades anticancerígenas in vitro de cuatro plantas, Gypsophila capillaris, Anabasis lachnantha, Haloxylon salicornicum y Horwoodia dicksoniae, que pertenecen a cuatro familias diferentes: Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae y Brassicaceae, respectivamente. Los ensayos de fenólicos totales, antocianinas, saponinas, capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) y DPPH se determinaron mediante espectrofotómetro. La actividad anticancerígena in vitro se evaluó utilizando dos líneas celulares de cáncer humano; carcinoma hepatocelular (HepG-2) y adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF- 7) para estimar la concentración de inhibición del 50 % (IC50). Los resultados indicaron que H. dicksoniae tiene las concentraciones más altas de fenólicos y saponinas, mientras que H. salicornicum tiene el DPPH más alto. La mayor concentración de TAC se encontró en G. capillaries. Entre los extractos probados, G. capillaries y H. salicornicum tienen actividad potencial contra líneas celulares MCF-7 y HepG-2 in vitro. El contenido de polifenoles en G. capillaries se perfiló mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La concentración más alta entre los compuestos fenólicos fue clorogénica (60,8 µg/ml), mientras que la concentración más alta entre los compuestos flavonoides fue la hesperidina (1444,92 µg/ml). En resumen, los extractos de Gypsophila capillaris y H. salicornicum tienen una potente actividad anticancerígena contra las líneas celulares HepG-2 y MCF-7.

Impacts on functional and oncological outcomes of Robotic-assisted Radical Prostatectomy 10 years after the US Preventive Service Taskforce recommendations against PSA screening

ABSTRACT Objective: In the following years after the United States Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation against prostate cancer screening with PSA in 2012, several authors worldwide described an increase in higher grades and aggressive prostate tumors. In this scenario, we aim to evaluate the potential impacts of USPSTF recommendations on the functional and oncological outcomes in patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in a referral center. Material and Methods: We included 11396 patients who underwent RARP between 2008 and 2021. Each patient had at least a 12-month follow-up. The cohort was divided into two groups based on an inflection point in the outcomes at the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013. The inflection point period was detected by Bayesian regression with multiple change points and regression with unknown breakpoints. We reported continuous variables as median and interquartile range (IQR) and categorical variables as absolute and relative percent frequencies. Results: Group 1 had 4760 patients, and Group 2 had 6636 patients, with a median follow-up of 109 and 38 months, respectively. In the final pathology, Group 2 had 9.5% increase in tumor volume, 24% increase on Gleason ≥ 4+3 (ISUP 3), and 18% increase on ≥ pT3. This translated to a 6% increase in positive surgical margins and 24% reduction in full nerve sparing in response to the worsening pathology. There was a significant decline in post-operative outcomes in Group 2, including a 12-month continence reduction of 9%, reduction in potency by 27%, and reduction of trifecta by 22%. Conclusions: The increasing number of high-risk patients has led to worse functional and oncologic outcomes. The initial rapid rise in PSM was leveled by the move towards more partial nerve sparing. Among some historical changes in prostate cancer diagnosis and management in the period of our study, the USPSTF recommendation coincided with worse outcomes of prostate cancer treatment in a population who could benefit from PSA screening at the appropriate time.

Assessment of risk factors for leakage after repair of perforated peptic ulcer with omental patch. Retrospective study / Evaluación de factores de riesgo de fuga después de la reparación de una úlcera péptica perforada con parche de epiplón. Estudio retrospectivo

Introduction. Perforated peptic ulcer remains one of the critical abdominal conditions that requires early surgical intervention. Leakage after omental patch repair represents one of the devastating complications that increase morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed to assess risk factors and early predictors for incidence of leakage. Methods. Retrospective analysis of data of the patients who underwent omental patch repair for perforated peptic ulcer in the period between January 2019 and January 2022 in Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. Pre, intra and postoperative variables were collected and statistically analyzed. Incriminated risk factors for leakage incidence were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results. This study included 123 patients who met inclusion criteria. Leakage was detected in seven (5.7%) patients. Although associated comorbidities (p=0.01), postoperative intensive care unit admission (p=0.03), and postoperative hypotension (p=0.02) were significant risk factors in univariate analysis, septic shock (p=0.001), delayed intervention (p=0.04), preoperative hypoalbuminemia (p=0.017), and perforation size >5mm (p= 0.04) were found as independent risk factors for leakage upon multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Delayed presentation in septic shock, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, prolonged perforation, operation interval, and large perforation size > 5mm were detected as independent risk factors for leakage. Postoperative tachypnea and tachycardia with increased levels of C-reactive protein and total leucocytic count are alarming signs for incidence of leakage

Introducción. La úlcera péptica perforada es una de las afecciones abdominales críticas que requiere una intervención quirúrgica temprana. La fuga después de la reparación con parche de epiplón representa una de las complicaciones más devastadoras, que aumentan la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los factores de riesgo y los predictores tempranos de fugas. Métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de los datos de los pacientes sometidos a reparación con parche de epiplón por úlcera péptica perforada, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2019 y enero de 2022, en el Hospital Universitario de Mansoura, Egipto. Se recogieron y analizaron estadísticamente variables pre, intra y postoperatorias. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la incidencia de fugas se analizaron mediante análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados. Este estudio incluyó 123 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se detectó fuga en siete (5,7 %) pacientes. Aunque las comorbilidades asociadas (p=0,01), el ingreso postoperatorio a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (p=0,03) y la hipotensión postoperatoria (p=0,02) fueron factores de riesgo en el análisis univariado, el shock séptico (p=0,001), el retraso en la intervención (p=0,04), la hipoalbuminemia preoperatoria (p=0,017) y el tamaño de la perforación mayor de 5 mm (p=0,04) se encontraron como factores de riesgo de fuga independientes en el análisis multivariado. Conclusión. Se detectaron como factores de riesgo independientes de fuga la presentación tardía en shock séptico, la hipoalbuminemia preoperatoria, la perforación prolongada, el intervalo operatorio y el tamaño de la perforación mayor de 5 mm. La taquipnea posoperatoria y la taquicardia con niveles elevados de proteína C reactiva y recuento leucocitario total son signos de alarma sobre la presencia de fuga.

Use of K-Y Jelly on Throat Packs for Postoperative Sore Throat after Nasal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Introduction Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a fairly common side effect of general anesthesia. The K-Y jelly is a well-known lubricant used in many medical procedures. Objective In this randomized study, we evaluated the use of throat packs soaked with K-Y jelly for POST outcomes in patients submitted to nasal surgery. Methods The present double-blinded, randomized, controlled study included 140 ASA I-II patients undergoing nasal surgery under general anesthesia. Patients received either or K-Y jelly or water-soaked X-ray detectable throat packs fully inserted into the mouth to occlude the oropharynx. Results Comparison between the studied groups regarding the severity of POST assessed by visual analog scale revealed significantly lower POST levels in the K-Y jelly group on recovery from anesthesia, and at 2, 4, and 6 hours postoperatively. Conclusions The use of K-Y jelly-soaked throat packs was associated with less severe POST after nasal surgery.

Understanding child development and care integrality: Primary Health Care doctors and nurses' view / Compreensão do desenvolvimento infantil e a integralidade do cuidado: visão de médicos e enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify perceptions of primary care health professionals regarding the conceptual aspects of child development and propose strategies to address difficulties. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a small municipality in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The primary health care in this region is comprised of Family Health Units and Basic Health Units. The sample included 52 participants, consisting of doctors and primary care nurses. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was utilized, covering knowledge and practices related to child development. For this study, the first question of the questionnaire, which asked for a descriptive response about participants' understanding of child development, was employed. The responses were transcribed, and content analysis using the thematic approach was conducted. Results: Among the participants, 54% were nurses, and the average duration of working with the pediatric population was ten years. 80% reported never having undergone training in child development. The analysis of the responses revealed heterogeneity in the professionals' understanding of the conceptual dimension of child development. Additionally, there was an insufficient grasp of the theoretical and practical aspects and a scarcity of resources to support comprehensive care for children. A predominant biomedical model focusing on disease and biological aspects of child health was evident in defining the understanding of the subject. Conclusions: The findings underscore the necessity of implementing health education initiatives and service projects in primary care settings. It is crucial to strengthen a comprehensive perspective of child health within the biopsychosocial model of the health-disease process.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar percepções de profissionais de saúde da atenção primária acerca dos aspectos conceituais do desenvolvimento infantil e propor estratégias de enfrentamento das dificuldades. Métodos: Estudo descritivo-analítico conduzido em um município de pequeno porte no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, cuja atenção primária é composta das Unidades de Saúde da Família e Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A amostra foi constituída por 52 participantes, entre médicos e enfermeiros da atenção primária. Utilizou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas, abordando conhecimentos e práticas sobre desenvolvimento infantil. Para este estudo, foi utilizada a primeira pergunta do questionário, de natureza dissertativa, que abordou como os participantes compreendiam o desenvolvimento infantil. As respostas foram transcritas e foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: Dos participantes, 54% eram enfermeiros, e a média de tempo de trabalho com a faixa pediátrica foi de dez anos. Referiram nunca ter realizado curso de formação em desenvolvimento infantil 80%. Quanto à análise das respostas, observou-se heterogeneidade no que se refere à dimensão conceitual do tema por parte dos profissionais, além de uma apreensão teórico-prática insuficiente e escassez de recursos que fortaleçam um atendimento integral à criança. Prevalece um modelo biomédico centrado na doença e aspectos biológicos da saúde infantil quando definem a compreensão sobre o tema. Conclusões: Os dados apontam para a necessidade de implementação de projetos de educação em saúde e em serviço na atenção primária. Faz-se premente o fortalecimento de um olhar integral à saúde da criança sob o modelo biopsicossocial do processo saúde-doença.

Aprendizagem no internato na Atenção Básica em pediatria: olhar de egressos de Medicina / Learning in pediatrics primary care internship: Medical undergraduates' point of view

Resumo Introdução: Muito se discute sobre a formação de profissionais de saúde preparados para atender às reais necessidades da população no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde como preconizado pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, almejando o cuidado integral. A Atenção Básica se destaca como importante cenário de prática nesse contexto, inclusive no internato, considerando a autonomia e o domínio dessa fase. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as percepções dos egressos de um curso médico em relação ao internato em pediatria na Atenção Básica. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas on-line com egressos de Medicina, formados em uma instituição de ensino superior pública do interior paulista nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Os dados foram examinados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Resultado: Entrevistaram-se 11 egressos de 2018 e 15 egressos de 2019, com atuações profissionais diversas desde a finalização do curso. A categoria explorada neste artigo será "Oportunidade de aprendizagem durante a Atenção Básica em pediatria". Vivenciar a Atenção Básica em pediatria oportunizou aprendizados diversos quanto ao cuidado integral da criança, compreendendo a importância de seu contexto e e de suas repercussões. Conclusão: Conhecer sobre a Rede de Atenção à Saúde desde o início do curso possibilitou entender as dificuldades vivenciadas nela e o impacto no cuidado. As situações mais prevalentes e de baixa complexidade são a realidade do egresso na atuação profissional e precisam ser abordadas durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do internato, favorecendo a atuação dele.

Abstract Introduction: Much is discussed about the training of health professionals prepared to meet the real needs of the population in the context of the Health Care System as recommended by the National Curriculum Guidelines, aiming at comprehensive care. Primary Care stands out as an important practice scenario in this context, including the internship, considering the autonomy of this phase. Objective: To analyze the perceptions of graduates of a medical course in relation to the pediatric internship in Primary Care. Method: Descriptive, exploratory research with a qualitative approach, developed through online interviews with medical graduates, graduated from a public higher education institution in the interior of São Paulo in 2018 and 2019. The data was analyzed using content analysis. Results and discussion: Eleven 2018 graduates and 15 2019 graduates were interviewed, with different professional activities since the end of the course. The category explored in this article will be "Learning opportunity during Primary Care in Pediatrics." Experiencing Primary Care in Pediatrics provided different learning opportunities regarding the comprehensive care of the child, understanding the importance of its context and repercussions. Final Considerations: Knowing about the Health Care Network since the beginning of the course allowed students to understand the difficulties experienced in this network and the impact on care. The most prevalent and low-complexity situations are the reality of graduates in professional practice and need to be addressed during the teaching-learning process of the internship, favoring their performance.

Metabolic syndrome: experiences in relation to healthcare / Síndrome metabólico: experiencias en relación con el cuidado de la salud / Síndrome metabólica: vivências em relação ao cuidado com a saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to interpret the experiences of people with metabolic syndrome in relation to healthcare. Method: this is qualitative research using Grounded Theory as a method and Symbolic Interactionism as a framework for analysis. It was carried out at a Basic Health Unit in the city of Marília/SP, Brazil, with 24 interviews in three sample groups (patients, family members and healthcare professionals), from February 9, 2022 to January 16, 2023. Results: a total of 734 codes were identified and grouped into categories and subcategories, with the central phenomenon being "(Not) Taking Care of Health", which is characterized as a dualistic process that encompasses both neglect and care. Aspects relating to neglecting health include the categories: "Considering not having health problems"; "Having difficulties understanding and resisting following care"; and "Lack of adherence to treatment". In the aspect of taking care of the health, there are the categories: "Understanding that they have metabolic syndrome"; "Receiving guidance"; and "Counting on support". Conclusion: the experience of people with metabolic syndrome permeates the biological, psychological, social and spiritual spheres, as they deal with their health problems according to the social interaction maintained with themselves and other people. Therefore, meaningful communication and bonding with healthcare team are the main tools for adherence to treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: interpretar las experiencias de las personas con síndrome metabólico en relación con la atención sanitaria. Método: investigación cualitativa utilizando la Teoría Fundamentada como método y el Interaccionismo Simbólico como referencia de análisis. Se realizó en una Unidad Básica de Salud de la ciudad de Marília/SP, Brasil, con 24 entrevistas en tres grupos muestra (pacientes, familiares y profesionales de la salud), del 9 de febrero de 2022 al 16 de enero de 2023. Resultados: se identificaron 734 códigos que se agruparon en categorías y subcategorías, siendo el fenómeno central el "(Des) Cuidado con la Salud", que se caracteriza por ser un proceso dualista que abarca tanto el abandono como el cuidado. Los aspectos relacionados con el abandono de la salud incluyen las categorías: "Considerar no tener problemas de salud"; "Tener dificultades para comprender y resistirse a seguir los cuidados"; y "Falta de adherencia al tratamiento". En el aspecto de cuidar su salud, existen las categorías: "Entendiendo que tienen síndrome metabólico"; "Recibir orientación"; y "Confiar en el apoyo". Conclusión: la experiencia de las personas con síndrome metabólico permea los ámbitos biológico, psicológico, social y espiritual, ya que abordan sus problemas de salud de acuerdo con la interacción social que mantienen consigo mismos y con otras personas. Por lo tanto, la comunicación significativa y el vínculo con el equipo de salud son las principales herramientas para la adherencia al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: interpretar as vivências de pessoas com síndrome metabólica no que se refere ao cuidado com a saúde. Método: pesquisa qualitativa utilizando como método a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados e como referencial para análise o Interacionismo Simbólico. Foi realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de Marília/SP, Brasil, com 24 entrevistas em três grupos amostrais (pacientes, familiares e profissionais da saúde), no período de nove de fevereiro de 2022 a 16 de janeiro de 2023. Resultados: identificaram-se 734 códigos que foram agrupados, chegando-se às categorias e subcategorias, tendo como fenômeno central "(Des) Cuidando da saúde", que se caracteriza como processo dualista que perpassa tanto pelo descuidando quanto pelo cuidando. Os aspectos referentes ao descuidando da saúde incluem as categorias: "Considerando não ter problemas de saúde"; "Tendo dificuldades de compreensão e resistência para seguir os cuidados"; e "Faltando adesão ao tratamento". No aspecto cuidando da saúde, encontram-se as categorias: "Compreendendo que possuem síndrome metabólica"; "Recebendo orientações"; e "Contando com apoio". Conclusão: a vivência das pessoas com síndrome metabólica perpassa pelas esferas biológica, psicológica, social e espiritual, pois eles lidam com seus problemas de saúde de acordo com a interação social mantida consigo próprio e com as demais pessoas. Portanto, a comunicação significativa e o vínculo com a equipe de saúde são as principais ferramentas de adesão ao tratamento.

Using guinea pig as a model for evaluation of equine influenza vaccine

Equine influenza is a highly contagious viral disease, specially among 1-5 years old naive horses. Vaccination is considered the best way to control the disease spread and outbreaks. Although foals are the main animal used for evaluation of equine influenza vaccines, guinea pigs were chosen as an alternative model in the present work, as they have a negligible antibody titer against equine influenza virus and are cheaper and easier to handle than foals. Five equine influenza vaccine batches were evaluated in two animal models, foals and guinea pigs, by injection of two doses/animal with 4 weeks apart using 2 mL/animal/dose and evaluation of immune responses by hemagglutination inhibition test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On the 7th week post vaccination, equine influenza antibodies titers reached maximum values of 9-10.2 and 8.7-10 hemagglutination inhibition units for foals and guinea pigs, respectively; sample/negative ratios were 0.126-0.464 and 0.128-0.445 for both animals, respectively. The use of guinea pigs as an animal model for the evaluation of equine influenza vaccines could be recommended instead of foals.

La gripe equina es una enfermedad viral muy contagiosa, especialmente entre los caballos jóvenes de 1 a 5 años de edad. La vacunación se considera la mejor forma de controlar la propagación y los brotes de la enfermedad. Aunque los potros son el principal animal utilizado para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en el presente trabajo se eligieron cobayos como modelo alternativo, ya que tienen un título insignificante de anticuerpos contra el virus de la gripe equina y son más baratos y fáciles de manejar que los potros. Se evaluaron cinco lotes de vacunas contra la gripe equina en dos modelos animales, potros y cobayos, mediante la inyección de dos dosis/animal con 4 semanas de intervalo utilizando 2 mL/animal/dosis y la evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias mediante la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y el ensayo inmunoenzimático. En la 7ª semana posvacunación, los títulos de anticuerpos contra la gripe equina alcanzaron valores máximos de 9-10,2 y 8,7-10 unidades de inhibición de la hemaglutinación para potros y cobayos, respectivamente; las relaciones muestras/negativos fueron de 0,126-0,464 y 0,128-0,445 para ambos animales, respectivamente. Podría recomendarse el uso de cobayos como modelo animal para la evaluación de vacunas contra la gripe equina, en lugar de potros.

Prédicteurs de mortalité précoce en cours d'hospitalisation des enfants malnutris aigus sévères de 0-59 mois au CHU Sourou Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso / Predictors of early mortality during hospitalization of severe acute malnourished children aged 0-59 months at CHU Sourô Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso

Objectifs : étudier les facteurs de risque de mortalité des enfants malnutris aigus sévères (MAS) dans les 72 premières heures d'hospitalisation. Méthode : Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective sur des données d'enfants MAS de 0-59 mois, hospitalisés du 1er juin 2016 au 31 mai 2019 au CHUSourô Sanou (CHUSS) de Bobo-Dioulasso. Une régression logistiquea été réalisée pour déterminer les facteurs de risque de décès. Les variables avec un odds ratio (OR) >1, et p 3s [OR :3.55, 95%IC: 1.50-8.27], le sepsis [OR : 3.39, 95%IC: 1.33-8.50], étaient les facteurs de risque prédictifs de mortalité. Conclusion : Une formation et supervision continue du personnel soignant sur la prise en charge des urgences pédiatriques, l'utilisation du protocole OMS de prise en charge de la MAS, la disponibilité de kits d'urgence pourraient améliorer la prise en charge des MAS. Mots clés : Mortalité, précoce, MAS, BoboDioulasso

Objectives: to study risk factors for mortality in SAM children within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on data from 0-59-month-old SAM children hospitalized from June 1th, 2016, to May 31th, 2019, at CHUSourô Sanou of Bobo-Dioulasso. A logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for death. Variables with odds ratio (OR) > 1, and p 3seconds [OR :3.55, 95%IC: 1.50-8.27], sepsis[OR :3.39, 95%IC: 1.33-8.50]were the risk factors predictive of mortality. Conclusion: Training and ongoing supervision of healthcare staff in the management of paediatric emergencies, the use of the WHO SAM management protocol and the availability of emergency kits could improve SAM management

Diabetic microaneurysms detected by fluorescein angiography spatially correlate with regions of macular ischemia delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography

Purpose: To characterize the relationship between diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and microaneurysms (MAs) identified by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Methods: Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) who underwent OCTA and FFA were retrospectively identified. FFA images were cropped and aligned with their respective OCTA images using i2k Align Retina software (Dual?Align, Clifton Park, NY, USA). Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and ischemic areas were manually delineated on OCTA images, and MAs were marked on the corresponding FFA images before overlaying paired scans for analysis (ImageJ; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Results: Twenty?eight eyes of 20 patients were included. The average number of MAs identified in cropped FFA images was 127 ± 42. More DMI was noted in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP; 36 ± 13%) compared to the deep capillary plexus (DCP; 28 ± 14%, P < 0.001). Similarly, more MAs were associated with ischemic areas in SCP compared to DCP (92.0 ± 35.0 vs. 76.8 ± 36.5, P < 0.001). Most MAs bordered ischemic areas; fewer than 10% localized inside these regions. As DMI area increased, so did associated MAs (SCP: r = 0.695, P < 0.001; DCP: r = 0.726, P < 0.001). Density of MAs surrounding FAZ (7.7 ± 6.0 MAs/mm2) was similar to other DMI areas (SCP: 7.0 ± 4.0 MAs/mm2, P = 0.478; DCP: 9.2 ± 10.9 MAs/mm2, P = 0.394). Conclusion: MAs identified in FFA strongly associate with, and border areas of, DMI delineated by OCTA. Although more MAs are localized to SCP ischemia, the concentration of MAs associated with DCP ischemia is greater. By contrast, few MAs are present inside low?flow regions, likely because capillary loss is associated with their regression.

Technical and anatomical challenges to approach robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy in patients with Urolift®

ABSTRACT Introduction Urolift® is a surgical modality to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with enlarged prostates (1). However, the inflammatory process caused by the device usually displaces the prostate's anatomical landmarks and challenges surgeons performing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). In this video, we will illustrate several technical challenges in patients with Urolift ® who underwent RARP. Material and Methods We performed a video compilation with several surgical steps illustrating key aspects and critical details of the anterior bladder neck access, lateral bladder dissection from the prostate, and posterior prostate dissection to avoid ureteral and neural bundles injuries. Results We perform our RARP technique with our standard approach in all patients (2 -6). The beginning of the case is performed like every patient with an enlarged prostate. We first identify the anterior bladder neck and then complete its dissection with Maryland and Scissors. However, extra care must be taken in the anterior and posterior bladder neck approach due to the clips found during the dissection. The challenge starts when opening the lateral sides of the bladder until the base of the prostate. It is crucial to perform the bladder neck dissection beginning at the internal plane of the bladder wall. Such dissection is the easiest way to recognize the anatomical landmarks and potential foreign materials, such as clips, placed during previous surgeries. We cautiously work around the clip to avoid using cautery on the top of the metal clips because energy is transmitted from one edge to the other of the Urolift ®. This can be dangerous if the edge of the clip is close to the ureteral orifices. The clips are usually removed to minimize cautery conduction energy. Finally, after isolating and removing the clips, the prostate dissection and subsequent surgical steps are continued with our conventional technique. Before proceeding, we ensure that all clips are removed from the bladder neck to avoid complications during the anastomosis. Conclusions Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy in patients with Urolift ® is challenging due to modified anatomical landmarks and intense inflammatory processes in the posterior bladder neck. When dissecting the clips placed next to the base of the prostate, it is crucial to avoid cautery because energy conduction to the other edge of the Urolift ® can cause thermal damage to the ureters and neural bundles.

Prospective Protective Effects of Arthrospira platensis Against Acetaminophen Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Rats / Efectos Protectores Prospectivos de Arthrospira platnesis Contra la Toxicidad Hepatorrenal Inducida por Paracetamol en Ratas

SUMMARY: The toxic effects of acetaminophen appear primarily in the liver and kidney. The protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on hepato-renal toxicity caused by acetaminophen was evaluated in male rats. The obtained results showed that subcutaneous injection of acetaminophen at a dose 120 &240 սl acetaminophen/kg by weight resulted in an observed elevation in the enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum total lipids, total cholesterol, creatinine, total bilirubin, urea, nitric oxide (NO), L- malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukins (IL-2 &IL-6). However, there is a decrease in the serum total protein, albumin and loss in antioxidant enzyme activities in liver including; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSH). This effect was found to be dose and time dependent. In spite of, pre- oral administration of Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg .b. wt. prior acetaminophen injection succeeded to modulate the effect of the observed abnormalities caused by acetaminophen. Moreover, there were no remarkable changes in serum biomarkers of rats received Arthrospira platensis only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg by weight (group 2). The histopathological findings confirm the biochemical results that indicates the safety use of Arthrospira platensis at the selected dose in this study. Therefore, the present results clarified the protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on oxidative stress, hepatic and nephrotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in male Wister rats.

Los efectos tóxicos del paracetamol aparecen principalmente en el hígado y el riñón. Se evaluó en ratas macho Wistar el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre la toxicidad hepatorrenal causada por paracetamol. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la inyección subcutánea de paracetamol a dosis de 120 y 240 µl de paracetamol/kg, resultó en una elevación en las actividades enzimáticas de la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), lípidos séricos totales, colesterol total, creatinina, bilirrubina total, urea, óxido nítrico (NO), L- malondialdehído (MDA) e interleucinas (IL-2 e IL-6). Sin embargo, hay una disminución en la proteína sérica total, albúmina y pérdida en las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes en el hígado, incluyendo; superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión reductasa (GSH). Se encontró que este efecto era dependiente de la dosis y el tiempo. A pesar de la administración preoral de Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg, la inyección previa de acetaminofeno logró modular el efecto de las anormalidades observadas causadas por el acetaminofeno. Además, no hubo cambios notables en los biomarcadores séricos de ratas que recibieron Arthrospira platensis solo a una dosis de 1000 mg/kg (Grupo 2). Los hallazgos histopatológicos confirman los resultados bioquímicos que indican la seguridad del uso de Arthrospira platensis a la dosis seleccionada en este estudio. Por lo tanto, los presentes resultados aclararon el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre el estrés oxidativo, la toxicidad hepática y la nefrotoxicidad inducida por paracetamol en ratas Wistar macho.

Riesgo cardiovascular y hallazgos electrocardiográficos en población Jalisciense / Cardiovascular risk and electrocardiographic findings on Jalisco population

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables y hallazgos electrocardiográficos en una población de Guadalajara. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo sobre población general de una región sanitaria en Guadalajara, Jalisco. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, tensión arterial y diagnóstico electrocardiográfico. Resultados: Se evaluaron a 660 personas (edad media: 56.02 años; 69.1% mujeres). La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 75.3%, sedentarismo 53%, hipertensión arterial 46.5%, diabetes mellitus 33.03% y dislipidemias 25.9%. Como hallazgo, el 48.2% de la población presentaba una alteración electrocardiográfica, siendo los crecimientos de cavidades lo más frecuente (14.2%), seguido de bloqueos y hemibloqueos de rama (11.5%), dato mayor a la media esperada. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables tienen una prevalencia mayor a la esperada. Se registró una prevalencia alta de cardiopatías visible mediante electrocardiograma, por lo que esta prueba diagnóstica representa una herramienta básica para cuidado el de la población en general.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and abnormal electrocardiographic findings in a Guadalajara population. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study on a population of one region in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Sociodemographic variables, cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure and electrocardiographic diagnosis were analyzed. Results: A total of 660 individuals were evaluated (mean age: 56.02 years; 69.1% women). The prevalence ofoverweight/obesity was 75.3%, sedentary lifestyle was 53%, hypertension was 46.5%, diabetes mellitus was 33.03% and dyslipidemias was 25.9%. As an important finding the 48.2% of the individuals had electrocardiographic abnormalities. The most frequent abnormalities were cardiac hypertrophy (14.2 %); and the complete and incomplete bundle branch blocks (11.5%). Conclusion: Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors have a higher prevalence than expected. A high prevalence of visible cardiopathies has been registered by electrocardiogram, this diagnostic test represents a basic tool for the care of the general population.

Auto-brewery syndrome A diagnostic challenge

Auto-brewery syndrome is defined as intestinal distillation syndrome and is probably caused by an overgrowth of microorganisms which metabolize carbohydrates to ethanol. In this report, we describe the case of a patient with classical symptoms of auto-brewery syndrome, with no prior alcohol ingestion and clinical improvement after medical treatment was instituted. It is a very rare case and, due to its inadequate description in the medical literature, we attempt to describe the essentials of the disease and the diagnostic challenge it represents. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2565).

Comparing the outcomes of robotic assisted radical prostatectomy in black and white men: Experience of a high-volume center

ABSTRACT Background: Global cancer incidence ranks Prostate Cancer (CaP) as the second highest overall, with Africa and the Caribbean having the highest mortality. Previous literature suggests disparities in CaP outcomes according to ethnicity, specifically functional and oncological are suboptimal in black men. However, recent data shows black men achieve post radical prostatectomy (RP) outcomes equivalent to white men in a universally insured system. Our objective is to compare outcomes of patients who self-identified their ethnicity as black or white undergoing RP at our institution. Materials and methods: From 2008 to 2017, 396 black and 4929 white patients underwent primary robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Exclusion criteria were concomitant surgery and cancer status not available. A propensity score (PS) match was performed with a 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratio without replacement. Primary endpoints were potency, continence recovery, biochemical recurrence (BCR), positive surgical margins (PSM), and post-operative complications. Results: After PS 1:1 matching, 341 black vs. 341 white men with a median follow-up of approximately 8 years were analyzed. The overall potency and continence recovery at 12 months was 52% vs 58% (p=0.3) and 82% vs 89% (p=0.3), respectively. PSM rates was 13.4 % vs 14.4% (p = 0.75). Biochemical recurrence and persistence PSA was 13.8% vs 14.1% and 4.4% vs 3.2% respectively (p=0.75). Clavien-Dindo complications (p=0.4) and 30-day readmission rates (p=0.5) were similar. Conclusion: In our study, comparing two ethnic groups with similar preoperative characteristics and full access to screening and treatment showed compatible RARP results. We could not demonstrate outcomes superiority in one group over the other. However, this data adds to the growing body of evidence that the racial disparity gap in prostate cancer outcomes can be narrowed if patients have appropriate access to prostate cancer management. It also could be used in counseling surgeons and patients on the surgical intervention and prognosis of prostate cancer in patients with full access to gold-standard screening and treatment.

Assessment of YME1L and mitofusin2 as a possible diagnostic and/or therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma

Mitochondrial dynamics are a contraversal issue in hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study tries to illustrate the role of mitochondrial dynamics proteins (mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and YME1L) in hepatocarcinogenesis. Five groups were used: the control group and three HCC groups (after 8, 16, and 24 weeks from DENA induction). The last group was treated with Sorafenib (SP) (10 mg/kg), via oral gavage for 4 weeks after cancer induction. This study revealed that Mfn-2 was downregulated and YME1l was overexpressed in different HCC groups. This dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics proteins was associated with high hepatic levels of cyclin D1, MMP-9, and MDA and overexpression of ki67 as well as decreasing the hepatic expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Timp-3) and Bax. To confirm the possible role of Mfn2 and YME1L in HCC, we assessed the effect of sorafenib on these parameters and its related HCC characteristics. Sorafenib corrected the level of Mfn2 and YME1L and decreased tumor cell proliferation as well. We also elucidated that mitochondrial dynamics proteins (Mfn2 and YME1L) could be a good therapeutic target for HCC.

Antibacterial efficacy of chemically and plant-synthesized zinc oxide nanocomposite against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli inoculated in Tilapia fillet

Aims@#Edible coatings developed from biodegradable materials such as starch and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPS) are efficient antimicrobials that could be used as a food additive to reduce the bacterial load on the food surface. Therefore, this study was aimed to examine the effect of chemical and green synthesized ZnO-NPS with different concentrations on the survival of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in fish fillets during chilling storage at 4 ± 1°C.@*Methodology and results@#ZnO-NPS were chemically prepared by mixing zinc acetate dihydrate with sodium hydroxide. Lavandula officinalis was used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPS. The sterile biodegradable coating containing 2 and 5% of both chemically and green synthesized ZnO-NPS were made using starch, gelatin, xanthan gum and glycerol. Different bacterial cocktail strains of both E. coli and S. aureus were inoculated onto Tilapia fillet samples. The coating solution with different antimicrobials was aseptically spread in Tilapia fillets and examined periodically within two days intervals for the survival of S. aureus and E. coli during chilling at 4 ± 1 °C. Both chemically and plantsynthesized ZnO-NPS reduced the growth of both S. aureus and E. coli by about 3.7 log10 CFU/cm2 of Tilapia fillet. The incorporation of L. officinalis increased the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPS. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive than E. coli for both chemically and plant-synthesized ZnO-NPS. Moreover, zinc oxide biodegradable coating extended the shelf-life of chilled Tilapia fillets by about 4 days.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The results of the current study demonstrated the incorporation of L. officinalis into ZnO-NPS biodegradable coating which may be promising in reducing microbial growth on food surfaces.

Student evaluation of a Learning Enhancement in Anatomy Program (LEAP) during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study

Background and Objective@#The pandemic acted as an accelerator for the development of online teaching formats in anatomy and histology worldwide. The authors introduce a bridging program that reinforces the knowledge and understanding of gross and correlative anatomy and histology acquired in a virtual environment in preparation for its future clinical application. The study aims to evaluate the Learning Enhancement in Anatomy Program (LEAP) conducted among first-year medical students at the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. @*Methods@#This descriptive cross-sectional study aims to determine the initial experience of implementing a learning enhancement program and assess areas for its improvement. An internally validated questionnaire was given to students after the program to gauge students’ reactions (Kirkpatrick Level 1 evaluation). Pre- and post-tests were administered to evaluate knowledge acquisition (Kirkpatrick Level 2 evaluation). Short-term behavioral peer evaluation (Kirkpatrick Level 3 evaluation) was also instituted. @*Results@#One hundred fifty-two (152) students participated in the study. General reactions from students to the LEAP were consistently positive, with a steady majority of the students rating ‘5’ or a ‘Strongly Agree’ to positive statements regarding the program. Higher ratings for more traditional teaching methods, such as cadavers, formalinized specimens, and bones, compared to virtual systems were apparent. However, inter-student variation in preference for teaching modalities was observed. All stations of the LEAP were evaluated satisfactorily, with most gross anatomy stations rated higher than histology stations. A significant increase was noted in the total post-test scores compared to pre-test scores. This improvement in test scores was observed in the anatomy and histology subcategories and in six of the seven organ system modules. Perceived behavioral outcomes were also generally positive. @*Conclusion@#The LEAP is a worthwhile endeavor, garnering overwhelmingly positive reactions and a significant improvement in test scores. Future studies are necessary to fine-tune teaching and training in a blended learning environment.

Reproductive Health Education Using Interactive Learning Approach among the University Students

@#Introduction: This study objectives were to evaluate the youth’s knowledge and awareness of reproductive health issues among the Hashemite University students and to measure the effectiveness of the interactive teaching approach in delivering the reproductive health knowledge course. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. The sample was 160 (two cohorts) undergraduate students who enrolled in the reproductive health course during two semesters at the Hashemite University. Quantitative data was collected from the students before and after receiving a reproductive health course. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions. Results: The study results showed an improvement in the reproductive health awareness level of students. There was a statistically significant increase in the total score of knowledge between the pretest (M = 19.97, SD = 3.89) and posttest (M = 21.65, SD = 4.03) for the first cohort at p =.00. There was a statistically significant increase in the total score of knowledge between pretest (M = 19.33, SD = 2.89) and posttest (M = 20.66, SD = 5.78) for the 2nd cohort at p =.00. Qualitative data revealed that the students were very interested in the reproductive health course and found it very useful for themselves, their families, friends, and society. Conclusion: The interactive learning approach was useful in teaching reproductive health course and increased university students’ awareness regarding reproductive health topics, which were important for students. It was recommended by students to teach reproductive health course to other students in all universities using interactive learning.

The superior efficacy of chloroquine over buparvaquone in reducing the chronic cerebral Toxoplasma gondii cysts load and improving the ultrastructural pathology in an immunocompromised murine model

@#Toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, infects about 30 – 50% of the world population. The currently available anti-Toxoplasma agents have serious limitations. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two antimalarials; buparvaquone (BPQ) and chloroquine (CQ), on immunocompromised mice with chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis, using spiramycin as a reference drug. The assessed parameters included the estimation of mortality rates (MR) among mice of the different study groups, in addition to the examination of the ultrastructural changes in the brain tissues by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that only CQ treatment could decrease the MR significantly with zero deaths, while both spiramycin and BPQ caused an insignificant reduction of MR compared to the infected non-treated group. All the used drugs decreased the number of mature ruptured cysts significantly compared to the infected non-treated group, while only CQ increased the number of atrophic and necrotic cysts significantly. Furthermore, both spiramycin and BPQ improved the microvasculopathy and neurodegeneration accompanying the infection with different degrees of reactive astrocytosis and neuronal damage with the best results regarding the repair of the microvascular damage with less active glial cells, and normal neurons in the CQ-treated group. In conclusion, this study sheds light on CQ and its excellent impact on treating chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in an immunocompromised mouse model.