RESUMO
This study was carried out on 1293 students enrolled in governmental secondary schools in Mansoura, Egypt. The aims were to highlight the prevalence of student labor, its underlying factors, work hazards and injuries. its health, educational and social impacts, as well as work circumstances and student rights at work. The study revealed that 8.6% and 27.5% of students reported year round and summer work in the year prior to the study. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower social classes of the family, technical education, male sex. Large family size and rural residence were the most significant predictors of student labor. Concerning the health of the students, present complaints, smoking and substance abuse were significantly more reported by working than non-working students. On the other hand, student work does not affect their anthropometric measurements. Hazards at work place, work injuries as well as corporal punishments by work owners were prevalent among working students. Student labor adversely affected their education and social life. The majority of working students work for six hours or more per day. Contribution to family income was the main cause for student labor. More than 51% of year-round and 26% of summer working students reported work satisfaction, respectively. Few working students have a written contract with work owner. have medical checkup or paid sick leaves. There is a need for effective enforcement of child labor legislation and formulation of legislation for student labor, so as not to affect their health. Education andsocial lives. School health team should consider the potential occupational hazards when examining a sick working student. Through schools we can reach a sizeable segment of working children and adolescents
RESUMO
This is a cross sectional study carried out on schoolgirls in Mansoura to study their knowledge, attitude, and practices about menstruation and the impact of education on their knowledge. Also incidence of menstrual disorders was described. A total of 664 female students were selected by cluster sampling techniques from public general, technical, and nursing secondary schools of urban and rural areas. Data were collected through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire during the class time. Twenty-two [3.3%] of students never menstruated. The mean age of menarche was 12.9 years. Menarche occurred at significantly younger age among girls of general secondary schools, girls of urban residence, and those belonging to high social class. The onset of menarche was shameful and embarrassing and leaves bad impression in more than 50% of girls. Furthermore, 80.1% believe that menstrual blood is unclean, unnecessary and/or harmful to the body. 32.1% reported no knowledge about menstruation before menarche. Mothers were the commonest source of knowledge whether before or after menarche. Menstruation was irregular in 33.2% of girls. The mean cycle length and mean duration of bleeding were 30.6 and 2.5 days, respectively. Bleeding was heavy in 17.3% of girls. 66.9% of girls use sanitary pads for protection during menstrual bleeding and 80.2% of them dispose off the material used with domestic refuse. Lack of privacy during hygienic care was reported by 24.5% of girls. During menstruation, religious practices were avoided by 99.5% of girls, 78.3% avoids sports and excess movement, and 43.9% avoid special foods. Reasons cited for such behavior were, religious teaching, habit and imitation of others as well as advice from others. 12.5%, 32.7%, and 17.1% of girls reported correct knowledge about cause of bleeding, relation of ovulation to bleeding, and origin of menstrual blood. The correct knowledge was significantly higher among nursing students, urban girls, and those of high social class. 64% of girls need more knowledge about menstruation. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome were the most frequently reported menstrual disorders, 74.6% and 62.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Menarche occurs at younger age in girls from the well-to-do social status. Girls were not adequately informed about menstruation and its hygiene. Menstrual abnormalities were frequent among studied girls. Many girls avoid specific behavior and foods due to a variety of reasons. The situation is expected to be worst among out-of schoolgirls. There is a need for health education program for this sector of girls. School health should cover counseling and management of menstrual abnormalities
RESUMO
This is a descriptive study carried out in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt to explore KAP of PHC nurses about breast cancer screening. A total of 178 nurses completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire concerning KAP about breast cancer and its screening. Despite the finding that 84.3% of nurses agreed that breast cancer can be diagnosed early, knowledge about effectiveness of breast self-examination [BSE], clinical breast examination [CBE] and mammography in early detection of breast cancer is low with a negative attitude towards mammographic screening. About 44% of nurses never Screened by any method. Only 53.9% ever did BSE, 16.3% ever had a CBE and 2.2% ever had a mammogram. CBE and mammogram were mostly done on doctors' advice due to presence of breast problems. Value and methods of breast cancer screening should be an integral part of nursing school curriculum. Also in service training will be of great value. Despite controversies about efficacy of BSE, it remains the most suitable screening method in our community due to economic and cultural reasons