RESUMO
Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that affects many organs. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction. Thus, the present study aimed to use oxidative stress markers as early predictors for the progression of diabetic complications. Materials and Methods: The study sample included 400 individuals (300 T2DM and 100 non-diabetic controls) aged from 35 to 59 years randomly selected from the outpatient clinic of the National Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology. T2DM patients were divided into subgroups: Subgroup (1) patients without any complications, Subgroup (2) patients with diabetic nephropathy(DN) and Subgroup (3) patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD). Biochemical markers of fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate, arginase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), haemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and nitric oxide (NO) were performed. Results: DM patients showed significant increases in body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, FBS, HbA1C, cholesterol, TG, LDL-C and glomerular filtration rate, while HDL-C decreased. Significant increases were observed in HO-1, MDA and NO, while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased in DM patients. The DN and CVD patients exhibited a significant increase in HO-1, MDA and NO; while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased compared with DM patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of oxidative stress markers were 66.67–100%. Conclusion: Hexose monophosphate (HMP)/glycolysis pathways are shifted during DM near glycolysis rather than HMP pathway to produce energy where the amount of glucose enters the cells is low, causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress markers could be used as early predictors of diabetes complications.
RESUMO
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn [PPHN] is characterized by severe hypoxemia shortly after birth, absence of cyanotic congenital heart disease, marked pulmonary hypertension, and vasoreactivity with extra pulmonary right-to-left shunting of blood across the ductus arteriosus and/or foramen ovale[1]. This observational prospective study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Sohag and Assiut University Hospital, Upper Egypt aiming to assess the magnitude of problem, risk factors, clinical profile, therapeutic modalities and outcome of PPHN. Newborn infants eligible for inclusion were: 1]>37 weeks gestation, 2] absence of structural congenital heart diseases 3] admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit between June 1, 2008 and 30 June 2010; Exclusion criteria were:1] congenital structural heart disease, 2] cardiac arrest or terminal disease. We considered PPHN when persistent hypoxemia [PaO2] of<50mmHg, discrepancy in the pre-and post-ductal saturations; a PaO2 difference of at least 20 mmHg or Pulse oximetry with Preductal SaO2 exceeds post-ductal by 25%. Echocardiography demonstrates absence of congenital heart diseases and presence of right to left shunts through patent foramen ovale and/or patent ductus arteriosus. A consent from parents had been taken. Factors that were independently associated with an elevated risk for PPHN were: male gender, cesarean section, maternal diseases [diabetes mellifus, hypertension, anemia], those who were born>37 weeks, birth weight above the 90th percentile, meconium aspiration, birth asphyxia, hyaline membrane disease, neonatal pneumonias and infant of diabetic mother [1DM]. Respiratory distress, cyanosis, fachycardia, and hypotension were the main clinical presentations. These neonates were treated with the use of oxygen therapy, magnesium sulphate infusion; oral sildenafil and mechanical ventilation. The response to vasodilator agents were satisfactory. After 6 months follow up of these neonates we found that, 24 [44.4%] improved without sequale, 10[18.5%] developed neuron-developmental impairment, 4 [7.4%] missed follow up and 4 [7.4%] developed chronic lung diseases and 12 [22.2%] expired due to severe sequele of birth asphyxia, myocardial failure, neonatal septicemia and massive air leak syndrome. Due to wide range of maternal and fetal risk factors for PPHN, there should be a good cooperation between obstetricians and neonatologists for early detection, rapid diagnosis and to combat these risk factors. Magnesium sulphate and oral sildenafil are non aggressive treatment of short duration, effective and low cost. The study recommended the use of these drugs as an alternative treatment when other treatment modalities are not available. In addition, a controlled, multi center study with an adequately large sample size is needed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome after treatment with these agents. Also the study recommended that those infants should be monitored closely for the first 2 years of life, preferably in a specialty follow-up clinic, for developmental follow-up care