Surgical Risk and Pathological Results of Emergency Resection in the Treatment of Acutely Obstructing Colorectal Cancers: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose@#The treatment of acutely obstructing colorectal cancers is still a matter of debate. The prevailing opinion is that an immediate resection should be performed whenever possible. This study sought to determine whether immediate resection is safe and oncologically valid. @*Methods@#We completed a retrospective 2-center cohort study using the medical records of patients admitted for acutely obstructing colorectal cancer under the care of the Colorectal Team, Noble’s Hospital, Isle of Man, and the Emergency Surgery Unit, Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, from March 2013 to May 2017. The primary endpoints were 90-day mortality and morbidity, reoperation rate, and length of stay. The secondary endpoints were status of margins, number of lymph nodes retrieved, and the rate of adequate nodal harvest. @*Results@#Sixty-three patients were retrospectively enrolled in the study. Mortality was associated with age > 80 years and Dukes B tumors. The length of hospital stay was shorter in patients who had their resection less than 24 hours from their admission, in those who had laparoscopic resection and in those with distal tumors. The number of lymph nodes retrieved and rate of R0 resections were similar to those reported in elective colorectal surgery and were greater in laparoscopic resections and in patients operated on within 24 hours, respectively. @*Conclusion@#Immediate resection is a safe and reliable option in patients with acutely obstructing colorectal cancer.

Social Network Analysis of an Online Smoking Cessation Community to Identify Users’ Smoking Status / 대한의료정보학회지

Objectives@#Users share valuable information through online smoking cessation communities (OSCCs), which help people maintain and improve smoking cessation behavior. Although OSCC utilization is common among smokers, limitations exist in identifying the smoking status of OSCC users (“quit” vs. “not quit”). Thus, the current study implicitly analyzed user-generated content (UGC) to identify individual users’ smoking status through advanced computational methods and real data from an OSCC. @*Methods@#Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 3,833 users of BcomeAnEX.org. Domain experts reviewed posts and comments to determine the authors’ smoking status when they wrote them. Seven types of feature sets were extracted from UGC (textual, Doc2Vec, social influence, domain-specific, author-based, and thread-based features, as well as adjacent posts). @*Results@#Introducing novel features boosted smoking status recognition (quit vs. not quit) by 9.3% relative to the use of text-only post features. Furthermore, advanced computational methods outperformed baseline algorithms across all models and increased the smoking status prediction performance by up to 12%. @*Conclusions@#The results of this study suggest that the current research method provides a valuable platform for researchers involved in online cessation interventions and furnishes a framework for on-going machine learning applications. The results may help practitioners design a sustainable real-time intervention via personalized post recommendations in OSCCs. A major limitation is that only users’ smoking status was detected. Future research might involve programming machine learning classification methods to identify abstinence duration using larger datasets.

Social Network Analysis of an Online Smoking Cessation Community to Identify Users’ Smoking Status / 대한의료정보학회지

Objectives@#Users share valuable information through online smoking cessation communities (OSCCs), which help people maintain and improve smoking cessation behavior. Although OSCC utilization is common among smokers, limitations exist in identifying the smoking status of OSCC users (“quit” vs. “not quit”). Thus, the current study implicitly analyzed user-generated content (UGC) to identify individual users’ smoking status through advanced computational methods and real data from an OSCC. @*Methods@#Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 3,833 users of BcomeAnEX.org. Domain experts reviewed posts and comments to determine the authors’ smoking status when they wrote them. Seven types of feature sets were extracted from UGC (textual, Doc2Vec, social influence, domain-specific, author-based, and thread-based features, as well as adjacent posts). @*Results@#Introducing novel features boosted smoking status recognition (quit vs. not quit) by 9.3% relative to the use of text-only post features. Furthermore, advanced computational methods outperformed baseline algorithms across all models and increased the smoking status prediction performance by up to 12%. @*Conclusions@#The results of this study suggest that the current research method provides a valuable platform for researchers involved in online cessation interventions and furnishes a framework for on-going machine learning applications. The results may help practitioners design a sustainable real-time intervention via personalized post recommendations in OSCCs. A major limitation is that only users’ smoking status was detected. Future research might involve programming machine learning classification methods to identify abstinence duration using larger datasets.

Utility of the Epworth sleepiness scale: Hindi version in identifying obstructive sleep apnoea in adult patients with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in a tertiary care centre

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness is a key symptom in patients with sleep- breathing disorders (SBD) and represents a new major public health issue due to its repercussions. The ESS is a simple and validated method, which measures the probability of falling asleep in a variety of situations. Aims and objectives is to study the accuracy of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire in the identification of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) in patients with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in a tertiary care centre.Methods: This present study was conducted in the Department of Respiratory medicine, New Medical College, Kota on 70 adult patients who presented with symptoms of Sleep Disordered Breathing and underwent Type 2 Polysomnography after answering Epworth sleepiness score in Hindi Language.Results: Epworth sleepiness scale has predicted excessive day time sleepiness in 60% of study subjects with ESS score more than 10 taken as cut off. Mean value for ESS in the study was 10.78. 35.71% of the patients had severe OSA diagnosed by polysomnography and 30% patients had moderate OSA. Mild OSA was detected in 7.14% patients. Sensitivity of the ESS score >10 in diagnosing OSA was found to be 72.5%. Specificity of the scale was 73.6%.There was significant correlation between ESS score and diagnosis of OSA (p value <0.001).Conclusions: The study concludes that ESS has got good relevance in predicting OSA in patients with sleep disordered breathing.

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema thoracic

Background: The treatment modality use in early pleural empyema mainly depends on the antimicrobial therapy along with thoracocentesis. In case of complicated empyema this modality does not work and lung not fully expand, until removal of adhesions. The main purpose of the current study is to analyze the experience of management of complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema thoracic through rigid medical thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia. Aim and objective is to study the role of medical thoracoscopy in the management of empyema thoracic and parapneumonic effusion at tertiary health centre.Methods: This is a descriptive case series study in which 49 patients were recruited, who have clinically and radiologically show empyema thoracic, from department of Respiratory medicine, GMC, Kota, Rajasthan. All patients underwent medical thoracoscopy under local anesthesia. Written Informed consent was taken from the study participants. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Review Committee of the hospital. Patients who have HIV and Hbsag positive, those with multiple organ failure and bleeding disorders were excluded.Results: Total 49 patients, out of them 41(84%) were male and 8(16%) were female with mean age 45 years (range 18 to 70 years). Final evolution through chest x-ray revealed complete resolution or successful thoracoscopy done in 37 case of fibrinopurulent (92.50%) and 5 cases of organizing empyema (55.56%). overall success rate 85.71%. Total 7 cases (3 case of fibrinopurulent and 4 cases of organizing empyema) refer to higher center for decortications.Conclusions: Medical Thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia is a safe procedure, efficient and cost-effective intervention for early management of complicated empyema, particularly in early stage of empyema (fibro purulent).

A study of radiological presentation in bronchogenic carcinoma along with prevelance of pulmonary TB in a tertiary center

Background: Lung cancer is most common cause of cancer related death in men and women world wise responsible for over 1 million death annually. Lung cancer is leading cause of cancer death in united states and worldwide. Lung cancer is the most common neoplasm contributing more frequent among males causing cancer related mortality in both sexes. Objective of this study was to radiological presentation in bronchogenic carcinoma along with   prevalence of pulmonary TB in a tertiary center.Methods: Total of 100 patients with histologically proven lung cancer, from July 2018 to June 2019 at a tertiary center Kota Rajasthan. Data of participants regarding demographics, history of smoking habit, clinical presentation, histopathological type, radiographic findings on chest radiograph, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scan, Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics of the collected data.Results: Most common age group of bronchogenic carcinomas was seen between 60-69 years of age (37%) with male predominance (82%).  smoking history present in about (80%) patients.  Most common radiological presentation was a mass lesion present in 91% patients (n=91) followed by unilateral hilar prominence present in 44% of patients (n=44). Other common finding includes mediastinal widening (38%), collapse (26%). pleural effusion (22%), metastasis (22%), cavitation (13%), consolidation (12%), bony erosion (11%), pneumothorax (5%), and pancost tumor (4%).  prevalence of pulmonary TB in bronchogenic carcinoma is 9% and this is due to high burden of pulmonary TB in India.Conclusions: In this study adenocarcinoma was found to be most common type of lung cancer. Smoking is most common risk factor. Pulmonary TB coexistence with bronchogenic carcinoma was more common. The local immunity is deteriorated in cancer cases.

Determination of red cell Antigen Alloimmunization and specific type of antibody in multi-transfused Liver Cirrhosis patient

Background: In liver cirrhosis anemia occurs in up to 75 percent of the patients and blood transfusion is the mainstay of treatment of anemia. Red cell alloimmunization is a common problem encountered in multi-transfused patient. Alloimmunization can make further blood transfusion troublesome as extensive matching of donor is required to provide antigen free blood to the recipient for which alloantibodies are formed. Antibodies to foreign red cell antigens in patient's blood results in delay of transfusion because of complex pre-transfusion tests and difficulty in finding compatible red blood cell unit. Moreover, they can also cause delayed hemolytic blood transfusion reaction

Objectives: 1] To determine frequency of red blood cell alloantibodies in multi-transfused liver cirrhosis patient. 2] To determine the specific type of most common alloantibodies in multi-transfused liver cirrhosis patient

Study design: Cross-sectional study

Place of study: Pathology department of King Edward Medical University with sampling from four hospitals located in Lahore, Pakistan: Mayo Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Services Hospital and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital

Period of study: January 2016 to March 2016

Methodology: To establish alloimmunization rate in multi-transfused liver cirrhosis patient, cross-sectional study was designed. Sample size of 90 liver cirrhosis patients of all age groups and both genders who had been transfused at least 5 times were taken with the exclusion criteria of known alloantibodies or autoimmune diseases. Patients were screened for alloantibodies using tube IAT and if found positive specific type of antibody was determined using extended red cell panel

Results: 90 patients were screened for alloantibodies of which 3 patients were positive for alloantibodies giving alloimmunization rate of 3.3 percent in multi-transfused liver cirrhosis patient. All three patients had antibodies of different specificities. First patient had anti-D, second patient had anti- Le[b] belonging to Lewis blood group system and third patient had Anti-Jk[a] belonging to Kidd blood group system

Conclusions: This study was conducted to explore the frequency of alloimmunization in multi-transfused liver cirrhosis patients. Due to cross-sectional study design, incidence of formation of new antibodies as well as loss of antibodies over time could not be determined. Therefore, to establish red blood cell alloimmunization rate in cirrhotic patient, a large-scale prospective study should be done in which LISS IAT or enzyme treated cell should be used and antibody detection tests should be done at defined time intervals after blood transfusion. It is suggested that antibody screening test should be done twice. Once shortly after blood transfusion [may be after one month] to detect fast appearing new antibodies or anamnestic response of undetectable antibodies. Secondly after longer interval to detect slow evolving antibodies

Pharmacological studies of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as resource of bio-active compounds for various diseases

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera species were investigated as a resource for new diverse pharmacological agents including B complex, individual total phenolic compounds and antioxidants for curing and treatments of many infectious diseases in human through advanced analytical methods. These plants are abundant in Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa, Pakistan as well as in all over the world and famous for their unique medicinal importance. These herbaceous species are so far used for animals curing while current exploration of these species showed that these species are a precious resource of various compounds which can be employed in the formation of different drugs. The results showed that the leaf and flower extracts of Adhatoda vasica and leaf extract of Calotropis procera contained higher contents of bioactive compounds. The chemical analysis of the samples resulted in higher values of total phenolic compounds [71.32mg GAE/g], total antioxidants [651% DPPH inhibition], the enzyme catalase [4716Mug/g], ash content [16.72%] and pH values in the Calotropis procera, whereas the total carotenoids [1987mg/100g], the enzymes, superoxide dismutase [4566Mug/g] and peroxidase [1322Mug/g] were higher in leaves of Adhatoda vasica. The flower extract of the Adhatoda vasica was rich in the flavonoids [0.87mg/100g] and organic matter [89.99%] as compared to Calotropis procera. The obtained data for each parameter was interpreted by applying Complete Randomized Design [CRD] along with factorial arrangements. The mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% probability level. The presence of these phytochemicals may lead to the conclusion that these herbal plants have the potential for formation of new drugs and can be used as herbal medicine for treatment of different cancer and viral diseases. These compounds are also useful in the treatment of the tumor

Comparative Study Of Dynamic Hip Screw And Trochanteric Nail For Management Of Stable Intertrochanteric Fracture.

Background& objectives : Intertrochanteric fractures of hip are relatively one of the common fractures and it is imposing a huge burden on patients in terms of medical expenses and morbidity .A sliding hip screw (DHS) and trochanteric nail (TN) both are described for fixation of these fractures. The discussion about the selection of ideal implant is controversial in terms of outcomes in various studies. Methods: Ninety patients with intertrochanteric fracture were treated in our hospital from Jan 2009 to Dec 2011. All AO 31-A1 patients who were between 40-80 years old were included to compare Dynamic hip screw and Trochanteric nail in the management of intertrochanteric fractures by analyzing operative time, duration of hospital stay, complications, time taken to union and post operative mobility. 63 patients were enrolled in DHS group and 27 were enrolled in intertrochanteric nail group.Results: Patients treated with DHS had shorter operative time ,less radiological exposure ,easy reduction and fewer intraoperative and postoperative complications .Implant failure and non union was noted in one out of twenty seven patients treated with trochanteric nail group.Interpretation & Conclusions : The analysis of our study supports the use of DHS rather than trochanteric nail for the treatment of stable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients.

Diagnostic accuracy of platelet count to spleen size for prediction of esophageal varices in patients of liver cirrhosis

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ratio of platelet count to spleen size for prediction of esophageal varices in patients of liver cirrhosis, keeping upper GI endoscopy as gold standard

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was carried out in Radiology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar from February, 2015 to August, 2015.One hundred and fifty patients of either sex, having liver cirrhosis with no episode of gastrointestinal bleeding, scheduled to undergo upper GI endoscopy were selected.Ultrasound abdomen of these patients was carried out and spleen size was determined in millimeters. Platelet count if already not performed was also carried out.Platelet count was divided by the spleen size to obtain the platelet count to spleen size ratio. Close follow up of the patient was done until he/she underwent upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis of esophageal varices. A correlation was performed between the platelet count to spleen size ratio and findings of upper GI endoscopy

Results: Collected data was analyzed through computer software SPSS11.0.The ratio of platelet count to spleen size as a predictor of esophageal varices in patients of liver cirrhosis demonstrated sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 87.5%, positive predictive value of 93.3%, negative predictive value of 86.1% and diagnostic accuracy of 90.8%

Conclusion: The ratio of platelet count to spleen size as a predictor of esophageal varices in patients of liver cirrhosis is found to be high

Major Pelvic Bleeding Following a Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection: Use of Laparoscopy as a Diagnostic Tool

Stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) and stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) are well-established techniques for treating rectal prolapse and obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS). Occasionally, they can be associated with severe complications. We describe the case of a 59-year-old woman who underwent STARR for ODS and developed a postoperative pelvic hemorrhage. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a vast pelvic, retroperitoneal hematoma and free gas in the abdomen. Laparoscopy ruled out any bowel lesions, but identified a hematoma of the pelvis. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed a small leakage of the rectal suture. The patient was treated conservatively and recovered completely. Surgeons performing STARR and SH must be aware of the risk of this rare, but severe, complication. If the patient is not progressing after a STARR or SH, a CT scan can be indicated to rule out intra-abdominal and pelvic hemorrhage. Laparoscopy is a diagnostic tool and should be associated with intraluminal exploration with flexible sigmoidoscopy.

Incidence of Post-Operative Wound Infections and Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Compound Fractures.

Objectives: To know the incidence of post-operative wound infections in compound fractures & to evaluate the bacterial isolate and to identify the antibiotic sensitivity patterns in compound fractures to facilitate the use of effective prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infections. Methodology: This was a prospective study conducted at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital between 1st may 2014 to 31st July 2014.This study included all the patients with Compound fractures of extremities, presenting to Orthopaedic emergency. All the open fractures were classified according to the Gustilo and Anderson’s classification. Two pus culture swabs were taken in all patients under all aseptic precautions. First sample was taken at time of arrival of patient at emergency department, and immediately sent for culture and sensitivity. Prophylactic antibiotic (i.v. cefoperazone) was started immediately after taking the first culture. Second pus culture swab was taken after three days, at the time of wound inspection. All the fractures were managed with thorough wound debridement and fracture stabilization. Data was collected according to set proforma, regarding the results of initial and post-operative swab cultures and were analysed. Observation & Results: This study involved fourty patients with compound fractures of extremities presenting to the emergency department. The incidence of wound infection before any operative procedure i.e, first pus culture in the study was fifty five percentage.. Out of twenty two infected cases thirteen patients had staphylococcus aureus as the growing organism. All Staph.aureus were found to be sensitive to amikacin, vancomycin. The incidence of wound infection in second pus culture report was found to be thirty percentages. In the second swab culture sample which was taken on third day, eight (twenty percentage) cultures showed Staph. aureus. Six were sensitive to amikacin, six were sensitive to cefazoline. Conclusion: Compound fractures are associated with high incidence of infection. Antibiotics should be such that it covers all the commonly infecting organisms. In this study the commonest infecting organism was found to be Staph. aureus followed by E. fecalis, Citrobacter, E. coli and Klebsiella. It indicates that antibotics should be given initially empirically to cover the Gram positive and negative bacteria followed by giving specific antibiotics following pus culture report to combat and eradicate wound infection. Most of these organisms were found to be sensitive to Cephalosporins, Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides. Thus it is highly recommended that Prophylactic antibiotics in the management of compound fractures should always include one Cephalosporin or Vancomycin and one Aminoglycoside to cover the commonly infecting organisms. The results of this study may hold true for elective Orthopaedic procedures also.

Using item analysis on essay types questions given in summative examination of medical college students: facility value, discrimination index.

Background: The most common tool used for assessment of knowledge is the essay questions. Their evaluations depend upon test and item analysis which is consisting of analysis of individual questions and analysis of the whole test. The objective of our study was to calculate the Item analysis (Facility value, FV and discrimination index, DI) of questions given in terminal examination of MBBS students and observes the adequacy of questions framing in examination. Methods: Study contains 150 medical students undergone terminal examination consist of questions of essay type, structured essay type and short answer questions were given to the students. We divide them into high ability group and low ability group. Mark range was decided for essay type, structured essay type and short answer type questions and FV & DI was calculated. Results: Studies described that facility values of 62.5 percentage questions were come under recommended & acceptable range and 50 percentage questions were come under acceptable range. Discrimination value of 100 percentage questions were come under recommended & acceptable range where 75 percentage questions were come under acceptable range. Conclusion: The importance of item analysis is highlighted from our results. For improvement of examination items with average difficulty and high discrimination should be implemented into future examinations to improve test scores and properly discriminate among the students.

Chloroplast localization of Cry1Ac and Cry2A protein- an alternative way of insect control in cotton

BACKGROUND: Insects have developed resistance against Bt-transgenic plants. A multi-barrier defense system to weaken their resistance development is now necessary. One such approach is to use fusion protein genes to increase resistance in plants by introducing more Bt genes in combination. The locating the target protein at the point of insect attack will be more effective. It will not mean that the non-green parts of the plants are free of toxic proteins, but it will inflict more damage on the insects because they are at maximum activity in the green parts of plants. RESULTS: Successful cloning was achieved by the amplification of Cry2A, Cry1Ac, and a transit peptide. The appropriate polymerase chain reaction amplification and digested products confirmed that Cry1Ac and Cry2A were successfully cloned in the correct orientation. The appearance of a blue color in sections of infiltrated leaves after 72 hours confirmed the successful expression of the construct in the plant expression system. The overall transformation efficiency was calculated to be 0.7%. The amplification of Cry1Ac-Cry2A and Tp2 showed the successful integration of target genes into the genome of cotton plants. A maximum of 0.673 µg/g tissue of Cry1Ac and 0.568 µg/g tissue of Cry2A was observed in transgenic plants. We obtained 100% mortality in the target insect after 72 hours of feeding the 2nd instar larvae with transgenic plants. The appearance of a yellow color in transgenic cross sections, while absent in the control, through phase contrast microscopy indicated chloroplast localization of the target protein. CONCLUSION: Locating the target protein at the point of insect attack increases insect mortality when compared with that of other transgenic plants. The results of this study will also be of great value from a biosafety point of view.

In vitro assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of peel of Citrus sinensis

Antibacterial effect of Citrus sinensis peel extracts was evaluated against several pathogenic bacteria associated with human and fish infections viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcesnces, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter amnigenus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Serratia odorifera. Methanol, ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether solvents were used for extraction. In vitro antibacterial activity was analyzed by agar well and agar disc diffusion methods. It was found that ethanol extract showed highly significant inhibition of E. coli and K. pneumonia [12.6 +/- 0.94 mm and 11.6 +/- 1.2 mm] whereas methanol extract of C. sinensis also showed high zone of inhibition of S. odorifera [10.0 +/- 2.16 mm]. The potential activity of active extracts was assessed and also compared with standard antibiotics through activity index formulation. The order of antioxidant activity through ABTS·+ and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was ethanol>methanol>chloroform>diethyl ether. Phytochemical screening of all solvents had determined the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids. It was also found that Chloroform/Methanol [5:5] and Butanol/Ethanol/Water [4:1:2.2] solvent systems showed significant separation of active phytochemical constituents. These findings reveal the potential use of C. sinensis peel to treat infectious diseases, which are being caused by microorganisms

An overview of Pistacia integerrima a medicinal plant species: Ethnobotany, biological activities and phytochemistry

Pistacia integerrima with a common name crab's claw is an ethnobotanically important tree native to Asia. Traditionally plant parts particularly its galls have been utilized for treatment of cough, asthma, dysentery, liver disorders and for snake bite. Plant mainly contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and sterols in different parts including leaf, stem, bark, galls and fruit. A number of terpenoids, sterols and phenolic compounds have been isolated from Pistacia integerrima extracts. Plant has many biological activities including anti-microbial, antioxidant, analgesic, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity due to its chemical constituents. This review covers its traditional ethnomedicinal uses along with progresses in biological and phytochemical evaluation of this medicinally important plant species and aims to serve as foundation for further exploration and utilization.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of cotton epicuticular wax in defense against cotton leaf curl disease

Background: Gossypium arboreumis resistant to Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus and its cognate Cotton leaf curl Multan beta satellite [CLCuBuV and CLCuMB]. However, the G. arboreum wax deficient mutant [GaWM3] is susceptible to CLCuV. Therefore, epicuticular wax was characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively for its role as physical barrier against whitefly mediated viral transmission and co-related with the titer of each viral component [DNA-A, alphasatellite and betasatellite] in plants

Objectives: The hypothesis was the CLCuV titer in cotton is dependent on the amount of wax laid down on plant surface and the wax composition

Materials and Methods: The wax was isolated by decoction method and analysed by GC-MS whereas viral particles were quantified by Real-Time PCR. The whitefly feeding assay was performed on plant in Hoagland solution with 1% Nile Blue Dye and color was observed in the gut of whiteflies

Results: Analysis of the presence of viral genes, namely alphasatellite, betasatellite and DNA-A, via real-time PCR in cotton species indicated that these genes are detectable in G. hirsutum, G. harknessii and GaWM3, whereas no particle was detected in G. arboreum. Quantitative wax analysis revealed that G. arboreum contained 183 micro g.cm[-2] as compared to GaWM3 with only 95 micro g.cm[-2]. G. hirsutum and G. harknessii had 130 micro g.cm[-2] and 146 micro g.cm[-2], respectively. The GCMS results depicted that Lanceol, cis was 45% in G. harknessii. Heptadecanoic acid was dominant in G. arboreum with 25.6%. GaWM3 had 18% 1,2,-Benenedicarboxylic acid. G. hirsutum contained 25% diisooctyl ester. The whitefly feeding assay with Nile Blue dye showed no color in whiteflies gut fed on G. arboreum. In contrast, color was observed in the rest of whiteflies

Conclusions: From results, it was concluded that reduced quantity as well as absence of [1] 3-trifluoroacetoxytetradecane, [2] 2-piperidinone,n- 4-bromo-n-butyl, [3] 4-heptafluorobutyroxypentadecane, [4] Silane, trichlorodocosyl-, [5] 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and [6] Heptadecanoicacid,16-methyl-,methyl ester in wax could make plants susceptible to CLCuV, infested by whiteflies

Frequency of thyroid carcinoma in solitary thyroid nodule

Objective: To determine the frequency of Thyroid Cancer in solitary nodules of thyroid

Study design: A Retrospective descriptive study

Place and duration: The study was conducted from 1[st] January, 2000 to 31[st] May, 2010 at SOMH [Fauji Foundation Hospital] Karachi and from 1[st] July, 2010 to 31[st] December, 2013 at Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Karachi Campus

Methodology: One hundred and ninety consecutive cases of solitary thyroid nodule presented and operated were included in the study. Patients with multi-nodular goiters were not included in the study. Hemi thyroidectomy was done and if histopathology examination revealed carcinoma, then total thyroidectomy was followed. Results for frequency and percentages were calculated and analysed

Results: Out of Total 190 Cases, 61.58% were females and 38.42% were males. Important presenting symptoms were dysphagia [15.26%], palpitations [14.21%], rapid increase in size [13.68%], apart from the nodule [100%] in thyroid gland. Most of the cases were in 4[th] decade [35.26%], followed by 3[rd] decade [22.63%] of life. Most of the nodules were benign [91.57%] which included adenoma colloid goiter [42.94%] follicular adenoma [36.81%], simple cysts [18.40%]. Malignant nodules were 8.42%, which included papillary carcinoma [75%], follicular carcinoma [18.75%] and medullary carcinoma [6.25%]. No case of anaplastic carcinoma was found

Conclusion: Solitary thyroid nodules are mostly benign and malignant nodules are mostly well differentiated Carcinomas