Diagnostic urethrocystoscopy: A five-year review of indications and findings in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Background:Urethrocystoscopy is defined as endoscopic visualization of the urethra and the urinary bladder for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of diseases of the lower urinary tract.Objective: To study the indications, diagnosis and complications of diagnostic urethrocystoscopy in our hospital.Materials and method:It was a retrospective descriptive study of all patients who had diagnostic urethrocystoscopy in our hospital between January 2016 to December 2021. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained. Particulars of the patients were collected from the operating theatre register and their medical case files were retrieved. Information about the patients'bio-data, presentation, clinical/radiologic diagnosis, urethrocystoscopic findings and its complications were extracted. The generated data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 and results presented in tables, text and figures.Results:Atotal of 673 patients had urethrocystoscopy/cystoscopy during the period out of which we recovered full medical records of 592 patients whose data were analyzed.The patient's age ranges between 9 to 86years with mean age of 43.7±9.3SD years and M: F = 3.9:1. The indications for diagnostic urethrocystoscopy were lower urinary tract symptoms [LUTS] (48.8%), bladder tumour (29.2%) and haematuria (11.1%) among others. The urethrocystoscopic diagnoses were bladder tumour (37.8%), prostate enlargement (19.1%) and urethral stricture (6.9%) among others. The complications recorded were urethral/bladder bleeding (2.4%), urosepsis (1.4%) and urethral/bladder injury (0.3%).Keywords: Urethrocystoscopy, diagnosis, indicationsConclusion: Urethrocystoscopy is a necessary tool for comprehensive practice of urology owing to its vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of lower urinary tract diseases and it is generally a safe procedure

Subarachnoid lavage following inadvertent intrathecal injection of tranexamic acid

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a commonly used antifibrinolytic drug during surgical procedures to reduce blood loss. An Inadvertent intrathecal injection of TXAmay lead to serious side effects including seizures and ventricular fibrillation with reported fatalities. We report a case of an inadvertentintrathecal injection of TXAwhich occurred as a result of similarities in appearance between TXAand heavy bupivacaine ampoules. The patient had subarachnoid lavage after experiencing back pain, systemic hypertension followed by generalized tonic clonic seizures

Traditional uvulectomy among the neonates: experience in a Nigerian tertiary health institution

Background: Traditional uvulectomy is widely practiced in some African countries with children more vulnerable to such practices, which may be associated with life threatening complications. Objectives: To determine the age at the time of the procedure, reasons and complication(s) following traditional uvulectomy. Materials And Methods: Retrospective study of hospitalized neonates presenting as emergencies following traditional uvulectomy to the accident and emergency department of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria, from June, 2004 to May, 2015. Results: A total of 21 cases were reviewed. Twelve(57.1%) males and 9(42.9%) were females: ratio of 1.3:1. The age ranged from 1 to 21 days with the mean age of 8.8 days. Majority 11(52.4%) of the thtraditional uvulectomies were performed before the 7 day of life. The mean duration before hospitalization was 8.4 hours. Post-uvulectomy haemorrhage 18(85.7%) was the most common complication and this was followed by septicaemia 3 (14.3%) with 2(9.5%) mortalities from the septicaemia. All the patients were anaemic. Prevention of sore throat 12(57.1%) was the main reason for traditional uvulectomy. Sixteen (76.2%) patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Neonatal traditional uvulectomy was mostly done in the first week of life, prevention of sore throat was the common intent and complicated with post-uvulectomy bleeding and septicaemia. Health institutions have a role to play in public health education on the harmful effects of traditional uvulectomy

Acute Toxicity Studies and Evaluation of Analgesic Property of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Neocarya macrophylla.

The methanol stem bark extract of Neocarya macrophylla was screened for its analgesic activity using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and formalin-induced pain in rats. The results of the study showed that the extract (60mg/kg, i.p.) decreased writhing response with 63.9% inhibition. The methanol extract also exhibited significant analgesic effect (P<0.05) in the formalin test which is in the same order of magnitude as that observed after administration of pentazocine (10mg/kg, i.p.) the standard drug. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of the methanol extract of N. macrophylla was found to be 283mg/kg in mice suggesting the plant is fairly toxic. The results of the study have shown that the methanol extract of N. macrophylla possesses analgesic activity which rationalizes the traditional use of the plant in the management of pain.

Flavonol Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Indigofera hirsuta and Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-butanol Fraction.

Aims: The study aimed to phytochemically investigate the n-butanol soluble fraction of Indigofera hirsuta aerial parts and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the fraction using laboratory animal models. Study Design: Isolation and elucidation of the bioactive compounds and antiinflammatory activity investigation on n-butanol soluble fraction. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - Nigeria. The study was completed between January-October, 2011. Methodology: The compounds isolated were identified using different spectroscopic techniques. The n-butanol fraction was investigated for its effect on carrageenan-induced oedema in rat’s experimental model. Results: Two Flavonol glycosides were isolated; Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (T2) and Kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Q3).The fraction significantly (P = .05) inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg tested. The percentage anti-inflammatory effect of the highest dose tested (300 mg/kg) at the peak hour was higher than that of ketoprofen (10 mg/kg), the standard anti-inflammatory agent. Conclusion: The result of this research suggests that the n-butanol soluble fraction of Indigofera hirsuta aerial parts contains bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory activity.

Ear; Nose; and Throat Foreign Bodies in a Tertiary Health Institution in Sokoto; Nigeria

Background: Otorhinolaryngeal foreign bodies are common in ear; nose; and throat (ENT) practice. The objective of this study is to determine the pattern of otorhinolaryngeal foreign bodies in a Tertiary Health Institution in Sokoto; North-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This is a 2 year retrospective study using the records of all cases of ENT foreign bodies at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital; Sokoto; from January 2009 to December 2010. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS for windows version 13.0. Results: A total of 90 cases were analysed. Ear foreign bodies 48 (53.3) were commonest; followed by nasal foreign bodies 16 (17.8); bronchial foreign bodies 15 (16.7); and esophageal foreign bodies 11 (12.2). Age range was 9 months to 64 years. High frequency of the foreign bodies was noted in the younger age group. The foreign bodies varied according to the site with plant seed being more common in the ear and the nose while meat bolus is more common in the esophagus. Bronchial foreign bodies were seen exclusively in children less than 14 years old with beads and valve of plastic toys being the most common. Conclusion: Otorhinolaryngeal foreign bodies remain frequent occurrence particularly in the younger age group 9 years old or less and high index of suspicion suggested and early intervention to prevent the morbidity and mortality from complications

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Studies of the Leaves of Microtrichia perotitii DC (Asteraceae).

The Butanolic soluble fraction (F3) of the leaves of Microtrichia perotitii DC was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on laboratory animals. The results of analgesic studies was dose dependent and showed significant inhibition of writhings in rats while those of the anti-inflammatory studies was dose independent and the values obtained were significantly different from the control (ketoprofene) at P<0.5,P<0.01 and P≤0.001 under the student’s t-test. There were remarkable reductions of paw edema in the mice. The results of the biological studies expose the local usage of the leaves for the treatment of pains and inflammation. The phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of Saponins, Flavonones, Alkaloids and Tanins.

Radiological Changes and Progress in Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Following Treatment with Daily Versus Intermittent Short Course Regimens

This is a prospective comparative randomized study carried out at Kosti teaching hospital 2006- 2008. Objectives: to determine the radiological findings and to evaluate the radiological progress in patient with pulmonary Tuberculosis treated with daily versus intermittent short course regimens. Methodology: A total of 275 smear positive new cases of Tuberculosis were enrolled and randomized in to two groups; intermittent group (A) and daily regimen group (B) .X-Ray film was done initially and at the end of treatment for each patient. Results: It was found that 31of the X-Ray films were normal. Concerning the progress of minimal lesion significantly high percentage improved to normal X-Ray 58in group A and 53in group B ; 42in group A and 40in group B stayed as minimal lesion. The results of far minimal lesion ; 8.3to moderate lesion; 33.3moderately advanced lesion and 25remained unchanged; while in the daily regimen ; 21improved to normal and minimal lesion ; 5.2to moderate lesion ; 27to moderately advanced lesion and 27.6. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Conversion of minimal lesions to normal X-Ray was significantly higher in the intermittent group and the conversion of far advanced lesions to normal was significantly higher in the daily regimen

Radiological changes and progress in patient with pulmonary Tuberculosis following treatment with daily versus intermittent short course regimens

This is a prospective comparative randomized study carried out at Kosti teaching hospital 2006- 2008. To determine the radiological findings and to evaluate the radiological progress in patient with pulmonary Tuberculosis treated with daily versus intermittent short course regimens. A total of 275 smear positive new cases of Tuberculosis were enrolled and randomized in to two groups, intermittent group [A] and daily regimen group [B] .X-Ray film was done initially and at the end of treatment for each patient. It was found that 31% of the X-Ray films were normal. Concerning the progress of minimal lesion significantly high percentage improved to normal X-Ray 58% in group A and 53% in group B, 42% in group A and 40% in group B stayed as minimal lesion. The results of far advanced lesion revealed that intermittent regimen improved 16.6% of the films to normal and minimal lesion, 8.3% to moderate lesion, 33.3% moderately advanced lesion and 25% remained unchanged, while in the daily regimen, 21% improved to normal and minimal lesion, 5.2% to moderate lesion, 27% to moderately advanced lesion and 27.6%. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups. Conversion of minimal lesions to normal X-Ray was significantly higher in the intermittent group and the conversion of far advanced lesions to normal was significantly higher in the daily regimen