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Resumen La disección espontánea de la arteria coronaria es una causa no aterosclerótica de infarto de miocardio, la cual es más común en mujeres jóvenes con pocos o ningún factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Es infrecuente, no se asocia a iatrogenia ni trauma, y se presenta por acumulación espontánea de sangre entre las capas de la pared arterial coronaria, por ruptura de la íntima; de ahí que genera una falsa luz que produce compresión externa del verdadero lumen arterial, con lo cual altera el flujo sanguíneo coronario y ocluye la arteria comprometida. Se expone el caso de una mujer de 31 años, sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular, quien ingresó a un servicio de urgencias con dolor torácico típico, de 2 horas de evolución. En el electrocardiograma se apreció elevación del segmento ST en las derivaciones de la cara anteroseptal e inferior, y troponina T de alta sensibilidad positiva, por lo que se realizó terapia trombolítica con tenecteplasa, sin obtener criterios de reperfusión. Se hizo angiografía coronaria, la cual mostró obstrucción total de la arteria coronaria descendente anterior en el tercio medio. El ultrasonido intravascular documentó flap de disección y hematoma en este segmento, los cuales confirmaron la disección coronaria espontánea. Se realizó angioplastia con implante de stent coronario y se restableció la circulación, observando mejoría de los síntomas.
Abstract Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a non-atherosclerotic cause of myocardial infarction, more frequent in young women with few or no cardiovascular risk factors, it is infrequent, and it is not associated with iatrogenesis or trauma. It occurs due to spontaneous accumulation of blood between the layers of the coronary artery wall, due to rupture of the intima, generating a false lumen that produces external compression of the true arterial lumen, altering coronary blood flow, occluding the compromised artery. It is presented the case of a 31-year-old woman with no cardiovascular risk factors, who was admitted to an emergency department, with typical chest pain of 2 hours of evolution, showing ST-segment elevation in leads of anteroseptal and inferior face on the electrocardiogram and troponin T with high sensitivity positive. Therefore, thrombolytic therapy was performed with tenecteplase, without obtaining reperfusion criteria. Coronary angiography was performed that demonstrates total obstruction of the anterior descending coronary artery in the middle third. Intravascular ultrasound documents the dissection flap and hematoma in this segment that confirm spontaneous coronary dissection, performing angioplasty with implantation of a coronary stent, restoring circulation with improvement of symptoms.
RESUMO
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The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.