Histochemical changes after repeated exposure of albino rats to enflurane anesthesia

This work was designed to study the histochemical changes in some internal organs after repeated exposure of albino rats to enflurane anesthesia. Forty mature albino rats of both sexes [20 males and 20 females] were selected for this study. These rats were divided into two equal groups [A and B], each one was formed from 10 male and 10 female rats. Rats of group [A] were exposed four times to anesthetic doses of enflurane [2.5%], five days interval in between each exposure. Each exposure was for two hours. Rats of group B were treated as group A rats, except that they were exposed to oxygen only and served as their control. It was found that repeated enflurane anesthesia inhibits both succinic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and stimulate both acid phosphatase and non specific esterases activity. Inhibition of both succinic dehyrogenase and alkaline phosphatase was seen in livers [especially of females] and kidneys for the former and in livers, kidneys and brains for the latter. Stimulation of both acid phosphatase and non specific esterases was seen in livers only

Effect of alkalinization of bupivacaine on axillary brachial plexus blockade

40 adult patients of both sexes undergoing elective forearm and h and surgery were subjected to this study. An informed consent was taken from every patient. No premedication was given and a patient iv. line was prepared. Brachial plexus block was done as usual but full abduction of humerus was avoided as it impedes arterial pulsation and hinders proximal and circumferential spread of local anesthetic. Also, a plastic cannula was used for local anesthetic administration into neurovascular sheath. The proximal and of this cannula was advanced centrally for at least 3 cm to ensure that the injection is made above the point where the musculocutaneous nerve leaves the sheath. In a double blind manner either bupivacaine adrenaline in freshly prepared alkalinized bupivacaine adrenaline was administered in each half of patients. The dose of bupivacaine given was 2.5 mg/kg [i.e. 0.5 ml/kg]. After local anesthetic administration, sensory and motor assessments were done before, during and after operation. Also, if signs of systemic toxicity had occurred, they must be recorded and probably treated. All patients were also examined daily for 10 days postoperatively for detection of sign of nerve lesion. From this study, it was found that alkalinization of bupivacaine is a simple, safe and effective method for reduction of block latency, increasing the incidence of adequate analgesia and prolongation of postoperative useful analgesia of axillary brachial plexus blockage

Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes after repeated ketamine anesthesia to albino rats

This work was designed to study the effect of repeated ketamine anaesthesia on the fine structures of hepatocytes in albino rats. Fifty adult albino rats of both sexes were the subject of this study. The body weight of these rats ranged from 250 - 350 g. All animals were healthy and in normal condition. These rats were divided into two equal groups [A and B]. Group A rats [treated group] were given 5 mg/kg ketamine Hcl intraperitoneally every 3 days for 5 times. Group B rats were treated as group A except that they were given a comparable amount of saline [diluent of ketamine] and served as control group. Two days after the last injection all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. And laparotomy was done and small pieces of their livers were taken and prepared for electron microscopic examination. Electron microscopy of the liver specimens of treated group [group A] revealed some pathological changes in the fine structures of the hepatocytes. These pathological changes were, relative increase in the nuclear euchromatin [dispersed or active chromatin], increased number and size of mitochondria some of them showed demolished ridges, degenerative changes and opaque matrices, decreased number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and some of them were fragmented, increased number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and lysosomes. Also glycogen content was decreased while lipid droplets, pseudoinclusion bodies and electron dense bodies were increased in number. In conclusion, repeated ketamine anaesthesia in albino rats is toxic to the hepatic cell organelles