Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Phenotypic Detection of Beta-Lactamase-producers among Gram-negative Bacteria Isolated from the Gut of Household Cockroaches in and around University of Ibadan

Background: Cockroaches are carriers of numerous microorganisms. However, there is paucity of information on their role as potential reservoir for beta-lactamase producers.Objectives: This research determined the antibiotics susceptibility profile of Beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the gut of household cockroaches in selected locations in and around University of Ibadan, Oyo state.Materials and Methods: Thirty Cockroaches from different locations in and around University of Ibadan were collected between June 2015 and March, 2016, and their intestinal homogenates cultured on different selective media for the isolation of bacteria. The isolates were identified using a combination of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc-diffusion technique and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC-beta-lactamase (AmpC) and Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production was done using double-disc synergy, cefoxitin/cloxacillin and imipenem/EDTA double-disc methods respectively.Results: A total number of 58 bacteria belonging to nine genera; Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Serratia, Shigella and Raoultella were isolated. Higher percentage of the isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin (90%), azithromycin (87.5%), amoxicillin (84.5%), ampicillin (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.1%), cefoxitin (67.2%) and chloramphenicol (54%), while lower percentage showed resistance to aztreonam (25%), ertapenem (13%), cefotaxime (8.6%), ceftazidime (10.3%), cefepime (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (3.5%), gentamicin (5.2%) and imipenem (0%). MDR phenotype was recorded among 82% of the isolates, 17.2% were positive for ESBL, 12% for AmpC and 13.8% for MBL production.Conclusion: This study identified household cockroaches Periplaneta americana, as a potential reservoir for MDR and beta-lactamase-producing isolates

Detection of Mutation in gyrA and parC Gene on Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovars. Isolated from Two Hospitals in South East Nigeria.

Aim: To detect the resistant pattern and existence of the genes responsible for floroquinolone-resistant in the quinolone-resistant determining regions (QRDR’s) of S. enterica serovars.Typhi. Study Design: The Stool samples from Patients with symptoms of enteric fever, from different units and wards from two hospitals in Southeast region of Nigeria, were used for the surveillance. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, between July and December, 2011. Methodology: 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar.Typhi were screened for the antibiotics susceptibility pattern, using multidisc agar diffusion and E-test. Double disc synergy Test (DDST) reported the presence of ESBL’s strains. The DNA amplification was performed by PCR using HOT FIREPol ® DNA polymerase with 25mMMgcl2. DNA – sequencing of the (QRDR’S) of gyrA (n= 32) and parC (n=3), was performed using sanger sequencing ABI 3730 x l, Applied Biosystems. Results: A total of 39(78%) of the S. enterica produced β-lactamase. ESBL’s positive strains were 17(34%) and 46(92%) isolates were Multi-Drug Resistant S. typhi (MDRST). Sequencing of the mutations in gyrA gene of the (QRDR’s) was at Asp-87- Gly and Asp- 87- Asn or at Ser-83- Tyr, while mutations in parC 3(6%), were at Asp-87- Gly. Conclusion: Chromosomal encoded ESBL’s and mutations were found to be responsible for the MDRST. Ceftriazone and levofloxacine were found to be significant alternatives in treating S. enterica serovar.Typhi. This is the first report of mutation in both gyrA and parC genes in S. enterica serovar.Typhi in Southeast Nigeria.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Beta-lactamase Production in Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Recurrent Furunculosis in Southwestern; Nigeria

Furuculosis is a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterised by honey crusted 'cropped' latent boil with potential to recur in a susceptible host. Isolates of S.aureus obtained from both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients with furuncles in Southwest; Nigeria were characterised in relation to their resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Exudates of 'cropped-boils' from one hundred and forty (140) individuals consisting of forty (40) hospitalised and one hundred (100) non-hospitalised cases of recurrent furunculosis were screened for S. aureus. One hundred and two (102) were positive for the organism by conventional biochemical tests. Detection of ?-Iactamase was determined by cell-suspension iodometric method. Of the 102 isolates; 30(29.4) strains possessed ?-lactamase and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected antibiotics was in the range of 3.95- 250?g/ml. The multiple drug resistance as evident in high MICs of the antibiotics tested could probably be due to abuse/misuse of antibiotics resulting in recurrence of furuncles in the patients

Honey : a Reservoir for Microorganisms and an Inhibitory Agent for Microbes

Background: Honey is an ancient remedy for the treatment of infected wounds; which has recently been 'rediscovered' by the medical profession.The use to which honey is put in medical care is increasing daily with many authors pointing out its importance and role in wound care.There have been reports that honey contains many microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. Objective:The aim of this paper is to highlight the various uses; organisms commonly found in honey; how the organisms arrived in the honey and their effects on wounds and wound care.Would the presence of these organisms not constitute a limiting factor to the use of honey in wound management? This is what this review aims to answer Methods:A literature search was done on honey using pubmed; google; local books and journals. Relevant journals were extracted and discussed with emphasis on the antimicrobial properties as well as microbial content of honey and the implications of these. Results:The production of honey as well as the storing process account for the presence of microorganisims. Most of these organisms are said to be in inactive forms as they can hardly survive in honey because of its several properties including hygroscopicity; hyperosmolarity; acidity; peroxide content; antibiotic activities etc. However there is a need for caution in the use of honey in wound management. Con- clusion: We suggest that wounds to be treated with honey should be investigated i.e with a swab for the microorganisms present on the wound and their sensitivity to the honey before commencing honey treatment.This will help in carefully selecting wounds that might do well with honey treatment not withstanding other properties of honey that aid wound healing