Antimicrobial susceptibility of Leptospira isolates from dogs and rats to 12 antimicrobial agents

This study determined the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 67 isolates of Leptospira from dogs (suspect canine cases: n=7 and stray dogs: n=6) and rodents (n=54) in Trinidad to 12 antimicrobial agents using broth microdilution and macrodilution techniques. Commonly used antimicrobial agents such as the penicillin G and ceftriaxone had relatively low minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) while doxycycline displayed a relatively higher value but was still considered to be effective. While imipenem was the most effective with low MIC values in vitro, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim had the highest i.e. least effective. Based on these results, the drugs commonly used in the treatment of leptospirosis (penicillin G, penicillin-streptomycin, doxycycline and ceftriaxone) in both humans and animals in Trinidad appear to have similar MICs and MBCs in vitro when compared with published reports. The serovar of Leptospira spp. and in most cases the origin of the isolates did not significantly (P>0.05) influence their susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents tested

Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs and rats in Trinidad

Stray dogs (n=207), suspected canine cases of leptospirosis (n=50) and rats (n=200) from the Caribbean island of Trinidad were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for leptospirosis. The seroprevalence in stray dogs was 15.5% (n=32), the predominant serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.5%; n=30) with agglutinations to serovars Copenhageni at 5.8%, Icterohaemorrhagiae at 4.8%, Mankarso at 3.9%. The seroprevalence among suspected canine cases was 72% (n=36) with Icterohaemorrhagiae again being the predominant serogroup at 60% inclusive of serovars: Copenhageni, 44%; Mankarso, 14%; and Icterohaemorrhagiae 2%. A seroprevalence of 16.5% was determined in rats, all agglutinations were to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (inclusive of serovars Copenhageni, 9.5%; Icterohaemorrhagiae, 5.5%; and Mankarso, 1.5%). Overall serovar Copenhageni was the most common serovar as 11.6% of all the animal species tested by the MAT were positive and may be an important zoonotic serovar in Trinidad. The titres of infecting serovars of Leptospira in suspected canine cases of leptospirosis were considerably higher than that found in stray dogs and in rats where the lowest titres were found. Age and sex were not significant risk factors except in the case of rats where age was significant, indicating that juvenile rats were at a significantly higher risk. There was no definite pattern of the distribution of positive animals or the serovars when using the MAT. Data obtained in the current study indicate that dogs and rats in Trinidad have the potential to be sources of leptospiral infections for humans. This potential has public health implications making it imperative to control rat and stray dog populations in the island to reduce the risk of human leptospirosis.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and brucellosis in sugarcane fieldworkers in Trinidad and Tobago / Seroprevalencia de la toxoplasmosis, la leptospirosis y la brucelosis en los trabajadores de las plantaciones de caña de azúcar en Trinidad y Tobago

Sugarcane field-workers, like rice field-workers, livestock farmers and abattoir workers are known to be occupationally exposed to zoonotic agents. The study determined the seroprevalence of immunoglobulins to Toxoplasma gondii (IgM), Leptospira spp (IgM) and Brucella abortus (IgG) in sugarcane field-workers across weighing stations in the island of Trinidad. In addition, the association of risk factors to infections by the three zoonoses was investigated. Blood samples were collected from consenting apparently healthy sugarcane field-workers across the island of Trinidad. Current/acute infection in individuals was determined in the sera of individuals using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for T gondii IgM antibodies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Leptospira spp IgM immunoglobulins and both buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT) and competitive ELISA for B abortus IgG antibodies. The seroprevalence of IgM immunoglobulins to T gondii was 15.7% (64 of 407) and to Leptospira spp was 0.7% (5 of 704) and the difference was statistically significant (p 0 < 0.05; χ2). All 704 samples tested for B abortus IgG immunoglobulins were negative. All risk factors (age, gender, race and type of work done) were not statistically significantly (p > 0.05; χ2) associated with infections by T gondii and Leptospira spp. It was concluded that sugarcane field-workers in Trinidad were at high risk of acute toxoplasmosis and, to a lesser extent, to leptospirosis. The fact that the four risk factors studied were not significantly associated with T gondiiand Leptospira spp infections suggests that they may not be important in the epidemiology of both diseases in the population studied.

Se sabe que los trabajadores de las plantaciones de caña de azúcar - al igual que los trabajadores de los campos de arroz, la ganadería y los mataderos - se hallan expuestos a agentes zoonóticos debido a su ocupación. El estudio determinó la seroprevalencia de las inmunoglobulinas en relación con Toxoplasma gondii (IgM), Leptospira spp (IgM) y Brucella abortus (IgG) en los trabajadores cañeros a lo largo de las estaciones de pesaje en la isla de Trinidad. Además, se investigó la asociación de factores de riesgo de infecciones por las tres formas de zoonosis. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre a lo largo de la isla de Trinidad, tomadas de trabajadores cañeros de apariencia saludable, que dieron su consentimiento. La infección aguda presente en los individuos, fue determinada en sus sueros mediante el inmunoensayo enzimático (IEE) para anticuerpos de T gondii IgM, el ensayo inmunosorbente vinculado a enzimas (ELISA) para inmunoglobulinas frente a Leptospira spp IgM, y la prueba de aglutinación tamponada en placa (BPAT) así como el ELISA competitivo para anticuerpos de B abortus IgG. Palabras claves: toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, brucelosis, trabajadores cañeros, Trinidad. La seroprevalencia de inmunoglobulinas IgM para T gondii fue de 15,7% (64 de 407) en tanto que para la Leptospira spp fue 0,7% (5 de 704). La diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p 0 < 0.05; c²). Las 704 muestras sometidas a la prueba de inmunoglobulinas para B abortus IgG, fueron negativas. Los factores de riesgo (edad, género, raza y tipo de trabajo realizado) no estuvieron significativamente asociados (p > 0.05; c²) de manera estadística con las infecciones por T gondii y Leptospira spp Se llegó a la conclusión de que los trabajadores cañeros de Trinidad presentaban un alto riesgo de toxoplasmosis aguda y, en menor medida, de leptospirosis. El hecho de que los cuatro factores de riesgo estudiados no estaban significativamente asociadas con T gondiiy a infecciones de Leptospira spp, sugiere que puede que no sean importantes en la epidemiología de ambas enfermedades en la población estudiada.

Congenital toxoplasmosis in two health institutions in Trinidad / Toxoplasmosis congénita en dos centros de salud de Trinidad

Toxoplasmosis is the most widespread zoonosis and an important human disease particularly in children where it could cause visual and neurological impairment and mental retardation. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis, especially congenital toxoplasmosis in patients at two health institutions in Trinidad A total of 504 cord blood samples of newborn babies were collected: 174 from a women's hospital and 330 from a general hospital. In order to elicit aternal and prenatal risk factors for toxoplasmosis, mothers of the newborns completed a questionnaire. Enzyme-immuno assay (EIA) was used to detect IgG and IgM to Toxoplasma gondii. Overall, of 504 serum samples tested, 220 (43.7%) were seropositive for IgG while the prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis as reflected by IgM was 0.4%. The prevalence of IgG and IgM by health institutions was not significantly different (p > 0.05; chi-square). The prevalence of toxoplasmosis using IgG was highest in neonates of mothers who were of East Indian descent (54.1%), had four children (52.9%), kept cats in households (47.7%), practised outdoor gardening (50.8%), consumed raw meat (66.7%), had experienced miscarriage(s) (47.3%), stillbirths (66.7%), or who had eye problem(s) (52.9%) and mental retardation (50.0%). The study prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis revealed a high seroprevalence oftoxoplasmosis in neonates but there was 0.4% serological evidence of congenital disease. It indicates a need for sensitization of the population and healthcare workers and for follow-up of infected children for clinical evidence of the disease. This would be necessary to fully appreciate the impact of toxoplasmosis in Trinidad and Tobago. The differences from comparison groups were however not statistically significant (p > 0.05; chi-square).

La toxoplasmosis es la zoonosis más extendida y una enfermedad humana importante, particularmente en niños, a quienes puede causar daño visual y neurológico, y retraso mental. Este estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de determinar la prevalencia de la toxoplasmosis, especialmente la toxoplasmosis congénita en pacientes de dos centros de salud en Trinidad. Se recogieron un total de 504 muestras de sangre de cordón umbilical de neonatos: 174 de mujeres en un hospital de mujeres y 330 en un hospital general. A fin de obtener información sobre los factores de riesgo maternos y prenatales en relación con la toxoplasmosis, las madres de los recién nacidos llenaron una encuesta. Un ensayo inmunoenzimático (EIE) fue usado para detectar anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el Toxoplasma gondii. En general, de 504 muestras de suero examinadas, 220 (43.7%) resultaron seropositivas al IgG, mientras que la prevalencia de la toxoplasmosis congénita reflejada por el IgM fue 0.4%. La prevalencia de IgG e IgM por parte de las instituciones de salud no fue significativamente diferente (p > 0.05; chi-cuadrado). La prevalencia de la toxoplasmosis usando IgG fue más alta en los neonatos cuyas madres eran ascendencia indoriental (54.1%), tenían cuatro niños (52.9%), mantenían gatos en sus casas (47.7%), practicaban jardinería al aire libre (50.8%), consumían carne cruda (66.7%), habían tenido aborto(s) (47.3%), partos de feto muerto (66.7%), o tenían problema(s) de los ojos (52.9%) y retardo mental (50.0%). Este estudio de la toxoplasmosis congénita, reveló una alta seroprevalencia de toxoplasmosis en neonatos, pero hubo 0.4% de evidencia serológica de enfermedad congénita. Esto apunta a la necesidad de sensibilizar a la población y a los trabajadores del cuidado de la salud, e igualmente indica la necesidad de realizar seguimientos a los niños infectados, en busca de evidencia clínica de la enfermedad. Esto es necesario si se quiera valorar totalmente el impacto de la...

Seroprevalence of Legionella pneumophila in pneumonia patients in four major hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago / Seroprevalencia de la legionella pneumophila en pacientes con neumonía en los cuatro hospitales principales de Trinidad

Trinidad and Tobago is an island-state in the Caribbean with a size of 5,128 square kilometers and a population of 1.3 million. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Trinidad. This project determined the frequency of Legionella pneumophila in patients with pneumonia, investigated the relationship between pneumonia and selected risk factors. Serum and demographic data were collected from 123 patients, diagnosed with pneumonia. Sera were tested for L pneumophila Ig G/M/A and IgM. All analyses were done using the SPSS statistical package. Of a total of 123 serum samples tested, 39 (31.7) were positive for L pneumophila IgM/G/A while 2 (1.6) were positive for IgM only. Hospitals, gender and ethnicity did not significantly (p > 0.05; chi-squared) affect the seroprevalence of L pneumophila. Overall, the prevalence of L pneumophila assayed was not significantly (p > 0.05, chi-squared) affected by co-morbidities.

Trinidad and Tobago es una isla del Caribe que posee una extension de 4828 kilometros cuadrados y una poblacion de 1.3 millones. La neumonia es una de las principales causas de muerte en Trinidad. Este proyecto determino la frecuencia de Legionella pneumophila en pacientes con neumonia, e investigo la relacion entre la neumonia y los factores de riesgo seleccionados. Se recopilaron datos sericos y demograficos de 123 pacientes, diagnosticados con neumonia. Los sueros fueron sometidos a analisis a fin de determinar la presencia de L. pneumophila Ig G/M/A y Ig M. Todos los analisis se realizaron usando el paquete estadistico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). De un total de 123 muestras de suero analizadas, 39 (31.7%) dieron positivas frente a L. pneumophila Ig M/G/A, mientras que 2 (1.6%) dieron positivo frente a Ig M solamente. Los hospitales, el genero y la etnicidad no afectaron significativamente la seroprevalencia de L. pneumophila (p > 0.05; c2). En general, la prevalencia de L. pneumophila ensayada no fue afectada significativamente por comorbidades (p > 0.05, c2).

A longitudinal study on enteropathogenic infections of livestock in Trinidad

A longitudinal study was conducted on selected livestock farms to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals. The enteropathogens assayed from faecal samples and rectal swabs were bacteria (Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica), parasites (coccidia, gastrointestinal nematodes and Cryptosporidium spp.) and viruses (group A rotavirus and parvovirus). The prevalence of the enteropathogens in various animal species was related to age and month of the year. Generally, younger animals presented a higher prevalence of infection by enteropathogens than older animals while most infections occurred between the months of January and April.

Um estudo longitudinal foi realizado em fazendas de criação selecionadas, para determinar a prevalência de enteropatógenos em animais com ou sem diarréia. Os enteropatógenos analisados de amostras fecais e swabs retais foram: bactérias (Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp e Yersinia enterocolitica); parasitas (coccídeos, nematóides gastrintestinais e Cryptosporidium spp ) e vírus (Rotavírus grupo A e parvovírus). A prevalência dos enteropatógenos em várias espécies de animais foi relacionada à idade e mês do ano. Geralmente, a prevalência de infecção por enteropatógenos foi maior entre os animais mais jovens que entre os animais mais velhos, enquanto a maioria das infecções ocorreu entre os meses de janeiro e abril.