RESUMO
Background: About 50% cases of recurrent miscarriages are idiopathic. The association of fibrinolytic defects with recurrent pregnancy failure is a novel research avenue and was first recommended in early 1990s. High Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1] levels are found to be associated with recurrent miscarriage in various studies. The association of Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 with recurrent pregnancy loss and its various variables are detrermined
Methods: This study was conducted at Ziauddin University Hospital Karachi, from Feb 2014 to Nov 2014. All non pregnant and non-obese women with history of consecutive two or more miscarriages, with no co-morbid diseases, visiting a gynecologist were included. Studied variables included were age, BMI, no. of miscarriages, time of miscarriage and plasma PAI-1 levels. The data was expressed in terms of median and percentages with a confidence interval of 95%. Analysis was done on SPSS version 20
Results: The median age of females was found to be 27.34+/- 5.09 years. Out of seventy five females with history of recurrent miscarriages, [81.3%] [n=61] women had Plasma PAI-1 levels within normal range whereas [18.7%] [n=14] had value greater than normal. The median plasma PAI-1 was found to be 29.6+/-22.16 ng/ml
Conclusion: PAI-1 was not found to be a risk factor for recurrent miscarriages in a local population of Karachi. Furthermore, studies on a large sample size need to be undertaken to assess the role of PAI-1in our population
RESUMO
Background: Hypercalcemia is relatively common in patients with cancer, occurring in approximately 20 to 30 percent of cases. As ionized calcium is not routinely estimated in most of the clinical laboratories and calcium status of the patients is being assessed by estimation of total calcium. This may result in up to 30% cases to remain undetected for hypercalcemia. The diagnosis of hypercalcemia of malignancy if made early and managed properly, could reduce this debilitating complication and objective of this study was planned to find out the prevalence of hypercalcemia of malignancy in patient with solid tumors through measurement of ionized calcium
Methods: 73 patients diagnosed with solid tumors were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained and a proposed Performa included demographic data, Type, size, stage of tumor, duration of disease. Ionized calcium levels were performed for detection of hypercalcemia. All the patients included in the study were adult of more than 18 years and no one was suffering from hematological malignancy or with acid base disorders
Results: A total of 73 patients, 36 females and 37 males, with mean age of 54.47 +/- 15.98 were included [range 39-90 yrs in females, 19-83 yrs in males]. 16 patients were suffering from Hypercalcemia of malignancy while 57 had normal ionized calcium levels
Conclusion: Hypercalcemia of malignancy has been detected in 21.92% cases of solid tumors in our study. Further larger studies are needed to validate our data and also it is also required to find out which type of tumor is more prone to Hypercalcemia
RESUMO
To find out the frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus both type 1 and 2 with reference to glycemic control and duration of disease. Study was conducted at Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi. Fifty seven diabetic patients of either sex were included in the study. Patient taking Angiotensin Converting Enzyme [ACE] inhibitors were excluded from the study. Out of 57 diabetic patients, 22 [38.6%] patients had HbA1c less than 7.0% and 35 [61.4%] patients had HbA1c more than 7.0%. Out of 22 patients with optimal glycemic control 8 [36.4%] had microalbuminuria, 3 [13.6%] had clinical albuminuria and 11 [50.0%] had no microalbuminuria. While out of 35 patients with poor glycemic control 10 [28.6%] had microalbuminuria, 9 [25.7%] had clinical albuminuria and 16 [45.7%] had no microalbuminuria. Out of 57 patients; 14 [24.6%] were having disease up to 5 years. Out of them 10 [71.4%] had no microalbuminuria and 4 [28.6%] had micro and clinical albuminuria. Patients with disease duration between 6-10 years were 18 [31.6%], out of which 10 [55.6%] had no microalbuminuria and 8 [44.4%] had micro and clinical albuminuria and 25 [44%] patients were having disease duration more than 10 years, out of these, 7 [28%] had no microalbuminuria and 18 [72%] had micro and clinical albuminuria. Diabetic patients with increased duration of disease are more prone to renal complication irrespective of glycemic control at the time of study. Therefore besides monitoring for their glycemic control, these patients should be monitored for development of nephropathy especially more frequently as the disease duration progresses.